Hamid-Reza Atashbarab
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, , Pages 15-28
Abstract
In realistic novels we come across characters that are committed to true, authentic values and principles. According to George Lukacs, who finds realism the cornerstone of literature and Lucien Goldmann, who derives directly from Lukacs and finds each and every work conformed with realism of great value, ...
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In realistic novels we come across characters that are committed to true, authentic values and principles. According to George Lukacs, who finds realism the cornerstone of literature and Lucien Goldmann, who derives directly from Lukacs and finds each and every work conformed with realism of great value, the problematic hero, is transcendentally homeless, unable to bring inner and outer reality, society and personality into a meaningful unity and seeks to transform the modern values and resurrect their lost authenticity. Goldmann, in order to illustrate a rigorous homology between structure in classical novel and the structure of exchange in market economics states that novel as a social product is shaped by social and cultural forces. Because the modern period is heavily influenced by capitalism, the values of capitalism are ingrained in modern works. A hero, who tries to search degradedly for authentic but inaccessible values in a degraded world, will eventually be doomed to failure. Dostoevsky’s The Gambler is in particular a clear example of the non-economic but value-based relation to money in the novel. The current article aims to shed more light on how the problematic heroes of The gambler, appear as sadistic and masochistic sellers and buyers; abandon the authentic values and turn money into the obsessive object of their interest.
Nader Haghani; Elnaz Ghodousi Shahneshin
Abstract
The study of the documents and documentation related to language policy in the public and higher education system of the country can provide an appropriate context for understanding the factors and reasons for the trend of the educational system in languages or foreign languages, and the objectives of ...
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The study of the documents and documentation related to language policy in the public and higher education system of the country can provide an appropriate context for understanding the factors and reasons for the trend of the educational system in languages or foreign languages, and the objectives of these policies for the program. This paper studied the official documents of foreign language education at the public and supreme levels of Iran with using Hornberger’s integrative framework to outline the specifications of language policy and planning in the educational system. The results of this study indicates the absence of a theoretical basis for foreign language policy and planning, and there is no specific executive program for the purposes specified in the foreign language documentation of the country.
Mohsen Shojaee
Volume 12, Issue 16 , April 2016, , Pages 155-176
Abstract
On the bases of errors in the speech of Iranian students of Russian language gathered by the author, intercultural incompatibilities which cause such errors aredemonstrated.Despite the fact that the statements including errors, are grammatically correct, they are either “nonnormative” or “inappropriate”. ...
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On the bases of errors in the speech of Iranian students of Russian language gathered by the author, intercultural incompatibilities which cause such errors aredemonstrated.Despite the fact that the statements including errors, are grammatically correct, they are either “nonnormative” or “inappropriate”. Pointing to the statements being “nonnormative” and “inappropriate” the author uses the criterion of different “distribution” rules among different languages. The article concludes that in teaching Russian language to Iranian students ignoring cultural aspects of the language, The teachers will contribute to the stability of demonstrated errors in the speech of their students.
ََAllahshokr Assadollahi; Mohammad-Hossein Djavari; Zaynab Sadaghian
Volume 15, Issue 21 , October 2019, , Pages 199-216
Abstract
Contemporary literature is constantly searching for its own identity. It is this return to oneself that encourages the "broken down" form of the early twentieth century and gives it a certain freshness. From then on, the novelist questions the reader about his novelistic writing and his fabrication within ...
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Contemporary literature is constantly searching for its own identity. It is this return to oneself that encourages the "broken down" form of the early twentieth century and gives it a certain freshness. From then on, the novelist questions the reader about his novelistic writing and his fabrication within fiction. This process of self-referentiality in Roubaud's novel or lipian trilogy (La Belle Hortense, L'Enlèvement d'Hortense, L'Exil d'Hortense) leads us to the constraint of "Theoria in fabula" which consists in inserting the typical oulipian processes. in fictional fiction. One wonders how this metatextual process develops in Baraheni's novel titled Azade Khanom and His Novelist (second edition). The characteristics of "Theoria in fabula" studied in this article offer an original aspect of the metatextual in Baraheni; This allows us to implement a new readability of the Iranian novel and to draw parallels between the latter and the Oulipian novel.
Volume 11, Issue 15 , October 2015, , Pages 219-250
Abstract
The current paper reviews Contrastive Analysis of chinese& Persian standard languages, that notion affects the process of language teaching. sincechinese language is a syllabic language & has a tier of tone, & Persian is a alphabetical language, the description of each will be discussed in the proper ...
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The current paper reviews Contrastive Analysis of chinese& Persian standard languages, that notion affects the process of language teaching. sincechinese language is a syllabic language & has a tier of tone, & Persian is a alphabetical language, the description of each will be discussed in the proper approaches. Initially, there is an introduction to chinese phonemes. chinese language holds 21 consonants, 2 semivowlesand 36 vowles. In this paper, consonant will be classified according to place & manner of articulation, &they are compared with Persian consonants. the current paper provides perfect & comprehensive classification on vowles, but their perfect technically description is pending to another research. so, the transcription of chinese language –PinYin – to be introduced &reviwed.
Zahra Taheri
Volume 14, Issue 19 , October 2018, , Pages 233-257
Abstract
This article focuses on the notion of space and its influence on the social and cultural polices in Andre Dubus III’s bestselling novel, The House of Sand and Fog, through the perspective of cultural geographoy. Deploying Harvey and Upstone, the writer has tried to elaborate whether the disruption ...
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This article focuses on the notion of space and its influence on the social and cultural polices in Andre Dubus III’s bestselling novel, The House of Sand and Fog, through the perspective of cultural geographoy. Deploying Harvey and Upstone, the writer has tried to elaborate whether the disruption of geographical and cultural borders in recent decades has modified the general conception of “space,” or it still pursues a Euclidean one. To this end, notions of “Euclidean space,” “postspace,” and “place” have been studied. It is argued that, despite the demystification of notions like “nation,” “cultural purity,” “social heterogeneity,” and the racial and cultural diversity in recent decades, the West still followes in the tradition of Euclidean conception of “space” which emphasizes borders and boundaries. As a result, the binary of “us vs. them” is forgrounded wihin the borders of empire, and discrimination, a cultural one, becomes a prevalent practice. This paradox is addressed while postmodenism has been founded on a new conception of space as “postspace” which, accordingly, upsets the hierarchies of imperialism and liberal humanism.
نگار منفرد سعید; زکریا بزدوده
Volume 14, Issue 18 , June 2018, , Pages 235-259
Abstract
This study is an attempt to scrutinize Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam trilogy with regard to Levinas’s ethics which includes the other, subjectivity, trauma, and responsibility. A bond is formed between Atwood’s apocalyptic world and ethics to demonstrate how and to what extent the characters in the ...
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This study is an attempt to scrutinize Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam trilogy with regard to Levinas’s ethics which includes the other, subjectivity, trauma, and responsibility. A bond is formed between Atwood’s apocalyptic world and ethics to demonstrate how and to what extent the characters in the novels are the Levinasian responsible subjects. The survivors are suffering from the disturbance in the chronology of time; that is despite their presence in the present time, the past revives. The coincidence of the past and present with an unknown future dangles like a pendulum in the characters’ mind. Responsibility for the survivors revives their childhood which is replete with parents’ irresponsibility. Their childhood memories are tied with the role of father and mother which can be explored in light of Levinas’s ‘feminine alterity,’ ‘paternity’ and ‘father and son’ relation. In this study it is also revealed to what extent paternity and maternity in the role of feminine alterity creates apocalypse and new generation and establishes the ethical relation.
Volume 10, Issue 14 , October 2015, , Pages 247-274
Abstract
The present article is an attempt to introduce the reader to two great and prominent thinkers, Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) and Mahmud Shabestari (687-720 A. H); and to discuss their viewpoints on the problems concerned with language. What makes the two thinkers closely related is not the age or the place ...
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The present article is an attempt to introduce the reader to two great and prominent thinkers, Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) and Mahmud Shabestari (687-720 A. H); and to discuss their viewpoints on the problems concerned with language. What makes the two thinkers closely related is not the age or the place they lived in. It is rather their linguistic thoughts that dissolve all spatial and temporal boundaries in itself and keep these two thinkers, who lived in different ages and countries, closely related. On the one hand, utilizing the neologism “differance”, Derrida criticizes the logic of logocentrism and the process of signification existing in Western philosophy. On the other hand, emphasizing on the epistemology originated from Sufi practices and mysticism; and utilizing mysterious allegorical language, Shabestari abandons the Peripatetic philosophy of univocal language and the worldly rules of the logic dominating his age. The opacity and inadequacy of speech and writing, the means of presenting meaning; and the never-ending suspension and postponement of meaning all provide the junction for these two thinkers’ linguistic thoughts.
Lida Matin Parsa
Abstract
A psycho-cultural study of 9/11 attack and its pertinent trauma, reflected in Don Dellilo’s Falling Man illuminates the manipulated structures of cognition and cultural identity and the way the unreliable narrators in this narrative are causing cognitive dissonance through their socio-culturally-made ...
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A psycho-cultural study of 9/11 attack and its pertinent trauma, reflected in Don Dellilo’s Falling Man illuminates the manipulated structures of cognition and cultural identity and the way the unreliable narrators in this narrative are causing cognitive dissonance through their socio-culturally-made trauma resulted by the cognitive manipulation of the 9/11 event. The way the narrator and characters in the selected novel cope with the 9/11 attack displays the cleft Festinger refers to as the cognitive dissonance as a distasteful condition led by the awareness of inconsistencies between beliefs, attitudes, or actions. However, People inherently aspire to the consistency, so they are impelled to reduce the dissonance between what actually occurred and what has been manipulated. While through the narrations, the narrators symbolically act as history-tellers reflecting the 9/11 era, the reliability or unreliability of what they narrate should be socio-culturally investigated. Based on Festinger’s theory of ‘cognitive dissonance’ and Elaine Auyoung’s idea on ‘huge cognitive leaps’, the cognition of a person changes and adapts itself to sociocultural settings and events. So any narration is prone to subjectivity and subsequently not necessarily reliable. Consequently what happens through the cognitive manipulation is meaning construction that makes narrations of cultural traumas unreliable. Thus, DeLillo’s aesthetic representation of the 9/11 trauma makes the reader encounter an unreliable version of a cultural trauma, connoting the fact that the borderline between fact and traumatic fabrications is hard to distinguish due to cognitive manipulations. Into the bargain, Delillo’s narrative scrutinizes the prospects of reoriginating individual identity and cognitive perception along with the propensity of individuals to create their identities through a group mentality or mediator groups as agents or carrier groups which are literary called unreliable narrators serve as compelling constituents in the trauma creation process since “cultural traumas are for most part historically made, not born” (Smelser “Psychological” 37). September 11, 2001 left America with a national trauma and poignant images for several upcoming years. Actually the terrorist attacks quivered the very established foundation of America. “Good weather [was] no longer synonymous with peace” (Beigbeder 198) and as a result it is just through 102 minutes that the symbol of progress distorted.
Abdullah Nowruzy; Masood Khoshsaligheh
Volume 15, Issue 20 , April 2018, , Pages 275-293
Abstract
As a result of the rapid development of translation studies, a growing body of theses has been defended in Iranian universities in the past decade. In spite of the growing academic productions, there is not a comprehensive study on the matters related to content. The study aims at giving a picture of ...
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As a result of the rapid development of translation studies, a growing body of theses has been defended in Iranian universities in the past decade. In spite of the growing academic productions, there is not a comprehensive study on the matters related to content. The study aims at giving a picture of the path followed by MA students and tries to examine and categorize the topics covered by the studies. To do this, document analysis was used as the methodology. A database was consisted of 229 theses defended between 2004 and 2014 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Allameh Tabatabaei University. All the theses archived in the universities were studied and described. The thematic analysis of the theses resulted in 29 main categories. Using the analysis and inspired by turns of translation studies, all of the theses were inserted into different translation research areas. The result was six main areas and an additional miscellaneous. An additional result of the analysis was a map that was compared and contrasted with Holmes' map of translation studies to see similarities and differences. Moreover, the results show that almost all research areas of Holmes' map have been covered by the theses.
Afsaneh Heidari
Abstract
Introduction: Despite Margaret Atwood’s well-established literary reputation and her influence as one of the most important figures in Canadian literature, her short stories have been neglected in favor of her other writing and treated as less important and mere preparatory exercises compared to ...
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Introduction: Despite Margaret Atwood’s well-established literary reputation and her influence as one of the most important figures in Canadian literature, her short stories have been neglected in favor of her other writing and treated as less important and mere preparatory exercises compared to her major novels and poetry collections. The short stories Polarities and The Man from Mars that are analyzed in this article are from the Dancing Girls (1977) collection. The theme of alienation and existential dread is acutely palpable in these stories. Here, Atwood depicts the unraveling of its characters when faced with existential crises they cannot resolve; making the works of the Scottish psychiatrist, Ronald David Laing and the French philosopher, Simone De Beauvoir especially suitable for the analysis of these stories.Background of the Study: Most of the previous research on Atwood’s short stories have focused on feminism, gender theories and body politics.Methodology: Ronald David Laing in his book, The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness, Laing describes ontological insecurity as a condition in which the individual lives in constant fear of losing his sense of self. In order to preserve his autonomous self, he interacts with the world through an external false self and hides his true feelings and thoughts inside. Over time a psychosis can erupt in such an individual that can develop into schizophrenia because he is no longer capable of distinguishing between the outside real world and his troubled inner world and its delusions. Laing argues that a schizoid’s apparently abnormal behavior and speech are ultimately understandable as an attempt to communicate worries and concerns that have been ignored and stifled for so long, because their expression in the environment that the individual lives was not possible or permitted.Simone De Beauvoir in her book, The Ethics of Ambiguity, argues that genuine freedom comes from a combination of several aspects of life. One must combine a passion for developing one’s own set of values with a concern for others, seeing those around us as equally free and worthy of living a life that best suits them. One must also embrace the excitement that comes with the uncertainty of the life an adventurer. She sees man’s genuine freedom in concrete goals and projects that are responsibly carried out.Conclusion: Compared to the novel, the short story is a genre that is often ignored by critics and readers because it is assumed that the complexity and creativity of storytelling is not possible in the limited space of a short story. But Atwood is among the writers who draws the reader's attention to the importance and potential of this marginalized genre and shows that the shortness of the story does not reduce its depth and complexity. Using Ronald Ling's theories, we find out that the consequences of a world in which people neglect themselves and their inner needs lead to their painful isolation and complete loss of identity. Through De Beauvoir’s theories, we realize that the ambiguity hidden in the existence burdens man with a heavy responsibility. In her short stories, Atwood shows the complexity of her characters' lives. They find themselves alone and helpless in an alien world struggling with insoluble existential, unable to face human responsibilities, and their lack of awareness of their needs pushes them towards the abyss of psychological disintegration.
Zahra Taheri
Abstract
This article focuses on the re-emergence of “camp” and rebirth of “homo sacers” in Monica Ali’s In the Kitchen (2009) through the perspective of new-left thinkers. Deploying Giorgio Agamben’s views, the writer has tried to discuss how the biopolitical stands of the ...
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This article focuses on the re-emergence of “camp” and rebirth of “homo sacers” in Monica Ali’s In the Kitchen (2009) through the perspective of new-left thinkers. Deploying Giorgio Agamben’s views, the writer has tried to discuss how the biopolitical stands of the neo-liberal humanism in the West has abused the notion of “state of exception” to trigger a new type of “master-slave discourse” in the postcolonial era. To this end, notions of “bio-politics,” “indistinct zones/non-places,” and “bare life” have been studied. It is argued that with the politicization of life, the deprivation of migrants from “bios” and “zoe,” the imposition of “bare life” on them, and their limitaion to the borders of “citizenship/ noncitizenship,” “life/ death,” “belonging- nonbelonging,” and “the self/ the other,” the West has once more repeated the old binary opposition of the “us/ them” in the recent decades. Such treatment on the part of the West has given birth to “homo sacer” figures as well as establishment of “camps” in the center of imperialism and, thus, justified the violation of migrants’ rights under the stigmatization of them as “national enemies.”
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2013
Volume 7, Issue 1 , June 2014
Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2014
Abstract
: The present study endeavored to see whether or not employing personification in the process of L2 English via mobile-game (m-game) has any significant effect on Iranian adolescents' vocabulary learning. The effect of groups' make-up in the virtual world of m-games on vocabulary learning through collaboration ...
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: The present study endeavored to see whether or not employing personification in the process of L2 English via mobile-game (m-game) has any significant effect on Iranian adolescents' vocabulary learning. The effect of groups' make-up in the virtual world of m-games on vocabulary learning through collaboration in the m-games was also investigated. To those ends, through conducting English Vocabulary Level Test (VLT), from among 180 Iranian high school freshmen, 168 males and females were homogenized as the participants of the study. Afterwards, they were randomly divided into two groups with 84 members to learn L2 vocabulary items through m-game-mediated blended learning method. After the time the participants were taught the instructional contents inside the classroom, they practiced the m-games with either personified or reverse personification plots in mixed or matched dyads in 18 blended sessions. The results revealed the ascending level of learning outcome that was favorable outcome was ensued from m-games with personified plots. Also, findings indicated that the matched mode of collective practicing of contents in the virtual playground (i.e., m-game) had greater effect on the participants' performance than its mixed mode. In other words, types of m-game and contact appeared to account for variation in the participants' performance.
Noushin Asadipiran; shahram Afraz; Ayatollah Razmjoo
Abstract
The present study was designed following a scaffolding principle of sociocultural theory (Wood, Bruner & Ross, 1976) with an attempt to investigate the role of the four scaffolding techniques, namely Hard, Soft (Saye & Brush, 2002), Reciprocal (Holton & Clarke, 2006), and Virtual (Yelland ...
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The present study was designed following a scaffolding principle of sociocultural theory (Wood, Bruner & Ross, 1976) with an attempt to investigate the role of the four scaffolding techniques, namely Hard, Soft (Saye & Brush, 2002), Reciprocal (Holton & Clarke, 2006), and Virtual (Yelland & Masters, 2007) in developing reading strategy of Iranian EFL learners. To accomplish the project, 80 homogeneous intermediate level male and female EFL learners with the age range of 19 to 25 in one of the language institutes in Bandar Abbas were chosen from 100 intermediate students according to their performance in a sample Preliminary English Test (PET) which was first piloted with 30 students with similar characteristics to check the reliability of the test. The selected participants were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely Soft Scaffolding Group (SSG), Hard Scaffolding Group (HSG), Reciprocal Scaffolding Group (RSG), and Virtual Scaffolding Group (VSG). The learners in all groups received a survey of reading strategies (Sheorey & Mokhtari, 2002), their respective intervention, and the survey of reading strategies as a posttest. Likewise, in the qualitative section of the study, the learners’ self-reports as well as the teacher’s observations were used to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS software version 25, employing one-way ANOVA and multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) to compare the mean scores of the four experimental groups on the posttest reading strategies. The qualitative data pertained to the learners’ reports and teacher’s classroom observations were analyzed using open and axial coding methods. In terms of reading strategies, the results revealed that not only traditional and virtual scaffolding treatments had different effects on the development of global, problem solving, and supporting reading strategies among Iranian EFL learners, the hard scaffolding group (as a traditional scaffolding group) had the highest use of reading strategies followed by the virtual scaffolding group. Nevertheless, reciprocal and soft scaffolding groups (following other traditional forms of scaffolding) similarly had less use of reading strategies. Findings of this study extended earlier understandings of scaffolding in an EFL environment and could contribute to the advancement of future courses in terms of their scaffolding pedagogical aspects.
samira sadeghian; Mahvash Ghavimi
Volume 15, Issue 20 , April 2018, , Pages 113-138
Abstract
This article is a Psychological analysis of The Roots of Heaven of Romain Gary. Our study is based on Freud theories with the model of Marie Bonaparte. The Roots of Heaven, in its manifest layer, tells a story about preservation of nature and elephants in Africa. In this article, we identify the latent ...
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This article is a Psychological analysis of The Roots of Heaven of Romain Gary. Our study is based on Freud theories with the model of Marie Bonaparte. The Roots of Heaven, in its manifest layer, tells a story about preservation of nature and elephants in Africa. In this article, we identify the latent meaning behind the manifest story through psychological analysis. In real-life, Gary has lost his mother, but his unconscious mind attempts to keep her alive through writing. It seems that as his fight to protect the elephants is unsuccessful, his unconscious attempt also ends in failure. Maybe that is why he continues to write, it is the mean to always have her mother on his side in his writings.
shokouh Rashvand Semiyari; مه ناز آزاد
Volume 15, Issue 21 , October 2019, , Pages 153-178
Abstract
In this research, 440 EFL students studying in Islamic Azad University- East Tehran Branch participated. They were asked to complete the Big Five Personality Inventory by John and Soto (2017) and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies Questionnaire by Tseng, Dornyei, and Schmitt (2006). The students’ scores ...
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In this research, 440 EFL students studying in Islamic Azad University- East Tehran Branch participated. They were asked to complete the Big Five Personality Inventory by John and Soto (2017) and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies Questionnaire by Tseng, Dornyei, and Schmitt (2006). The students’ scores on vocabulary and structure parts were obtained through their final exam marks on General English lesson. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied for data analysis. The findings indicated a significant relationship between the students’ personality traits, self-regulated learning strategies and their vocabulary and structure scores. Among personality traits, open-mindedness and extraversion and among self-regulated learning strategies, goal-setting and procrastination control had the greatest impacts on students’ vocabulary and structure scores. Focusing on students’ personality traits and raising awareness toward them along with the reinforcement of the self-regulated learning strategies seem necessary in improving their academic success and are thus recommended.
Jalal Farzaneh Dehkordi
Abstract
Howard Barker’s theatre of catastrophe depicts subjects in violent crisis from which they can hardly escape. Such crises which generally happen in socio-political transformations of power enforce the subjects to subjectivise themselves. Accordingly, a socio-political crisis is seen in his Victory. ...
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Howard Barker’s theatre of catastrophe depicts subjects in violent crisis from which they can hardly escape. Such crises which generally happen in socio-political transformations of power enforce the subjects to subjectivise themselves. Accordingly, a socio-political crisis is seen in his Victory. The catastrophic transformation of power from Cromwell’s puritan administration to Charles II’s government compels the play’s characters to enter the process of self-fashioning. Such subjectivization of self can be analyzed by two Fouacauldian concepts about power: “co-extensiveness of power and resistance” and “assujettissement”. The researcher, then, tries to apply these theoretical frameworks to Victory. This study, at last, shows that the mentioned framework and the characters’ strategies of resistance in Victory are concordant.
Narges Montakhabi Bakhtvar
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, , Pages 245-268
Abstract
Ethics has undergone huge changes in postmodernism as many playwrights of the era have tried to capture the deep interconnection between language and subjectivity. The present essay is an attempt to unravel the new ethical dicta set forth on the American and British stage from the 1960s to 1980s. The ...
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Ethics has undergone huge changes in postmodernism as many playwrights of the era have tried to capture the deep interconnection between language and subjectivity. The present essay is an attempt to unravel the new ethical dicta set forth on the American and British stage from the 1960s to 1980s. The critical framework for this study relies on Giorgio Agamben’s thought and philosophical oeuvre. Agamben’s ethical renovations happen at the close proximity of language, ontology, and politics. He firmly asserts that experiencing the matter and being of language can be considered as an ethical act that questions cultural clichés imposed by power. Postmodern theater has witnessed an unprecedented shift in the role of language; it has forced the audience to venture the theatrical experience in order to be at the margins of communication and speech. This process can be deemed as ethical from Agamben’s point of view as it entices the viewers to see beyond and through the capitalist and ideological workings. Through such a limit experience, theater can find its true stance as a site for communality. The ultimate purpose of this study is to put forward the mechanisms through which performance can become an ethical gesture by installing the awareness of the fact that liminality of language can in itself be a new form of subjectivity.
Volume 11, Issue 15 , October 2015, , Pages 248-273
ali abasi; mitra moradi
Volume 14, Issue 19 , October 2018, , Pages 259-278
Abstract
Algirdas Julien Greimas, French semanticist, had made a lot of efforts to provide a coherent model for studying the narration. According to him, what is important in recognizing literary text, is not an effective mechanical analysis, but we must look at the process of producing the text up to the transfer ...
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Algirdas Julien Greimas, French semanticist, had made a lot of efforts to provide a coherent model for studying the narration. According to him, what is important in recognizing literary text, is not an effective mechanical analysis, but we must look at the process of producing the text up to the transfer and reception of meaning. That is, we should study the discourse systems of the text, which include three types of intelligent, emotional and eventional.
In this study, we will examine the process of producing the meaning in the narrative discourse systems based on the model of the study of Greimas by analyzing the semantics of the novel “and if it was true” written by contemporary French novelist Marc Levy, and we are going to answer the question: How action, state and unexpected flows create the discourse of “and if it was true” and create a variety of intelligent, emotional and eventional systems. This novel, due to it’s narrative logic,can be analyzed from the point of view of intelligent, emotional and eventional discourse systems.
Shahriyar Mansouri
Volume 14, Issue 18 , June 2018, , Pages 261-285
Abstract
The Modern Irish novel has accommodated time as a flow of mental processes that deal with concepts such as Irish history, culture and politics. This conception of time, moreover, had not only appreciated time as a non-linear continuum, being rooted within the nation, but also treated time as a flexible ...
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The Modern Irish novel has accommodated time as a flow of mental processes that deal with concepts such as Irish history, culture and politics. This conception of time, moreover, had not only appreciated time as a non-linear continuum, being rooted within the nation, but also treated time as a flexible agent that finds meaning from within the individual. The protagonist, as a result, emerges in the modern Irish novel as an individual who defines time and temporality according to his personal desires and memories, creates personal time loops that would provide him with the liberty to distort time, and defies any form of State-sponsored conception of national history. By examining James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922), this paper explores the emergence and at once treatment of time as a recalcitrant, self-referential literary agent that had helped the modern Irish author to defy a seemingly postcolonial State. To this end, theories of time introduced by Alain Badiou in his Being and Event, Martin Heidegger, and Henri Bergson will be closely referenced.
Volume 10, Issue 14 , October 2015, , Pages 275-291
Abstract
Abstract
In the present paper, it is tried to study the Collection of Stories written by Sadegh Hedayt entitled Three Drops of Blood and Gide’s Immoralist (Anti-Morality). We analyze the images in Three Drops of Blood and The Immoralist emerged from the authors’ anxiety and worry. We demonstrate ...
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Abstract
In the present paper, it is tried to study the Collection of Stories written by Sadegh Hedayt entitled Three Drops of Blood and Gide’s Immoralist (Anti-Morality). We analyze the images in Three Drops of Blood and The Immoralist emerged from the authors’ anxiety and worry. We demonstrate that how these two authors’ imagination has led to fantasize for overcoming worry and fear of death and creation of images that reflect the internal characters of these two stories. The unconscious desires and fantasies that are revealed in these two authors’ consciousness will be studied. The procedure of Gilbert Durand’s criticism is employed for achieving this objective. According to this, we will show how the imagination of the two authors leads to the reverie, the classification of the literary images in imaginary long poems will be lead to realizing Hedayat’s and Gide’s imagination. We will find the imaginative tendency of these two authors’ imagination.
Alireza Shohani; Fereshteh Maleki
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of the current research is to study the psychological and less branched aspects of one of the most prominent novels of the late nineteenth century England, namely, The Picture of Dorian by Oscar Wilde. Regardless of its Gothic aspect and its moral and artistic aesthetics, this ...
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Introduction: The purpose of the current research is to study the psychological and less branched aspects of one of the most prominent novels of the late nineteenth century England, namely, The Picture of Dorian by Oscar Wilde. Regardless of its Gothic aspect and its moral and artistic aesthetics, this novel is a work with psychological approaches that can be interpreted and analyzed based on psychologist theories such as Freud, so after expressing Freud's concepts and theories about personality structure, in a descriptive way - An analysis was done to analyze and explain their relationship with different dimensions of characters in the novel. The findings of the research showed that the main essence of the story is the combination of different aspects of the human personality structure and their conflict, which leads to the dominance of the institution over me and the ignoring super-ego due to the destructive emotional relationship that is formed between id and ego. Nevertheless, the ultimate superiority is with super-ego. Based on this, the characters of the novel are in a way the embodiment of Freud's personality structure theory; Dorian Gray is id, Henry is ego, Basil is super-ego, the painting is another representation of super-ego and the dark room where Gray hides the painting is a symbol of Gray's subconscious mind. The most used defense mechanisms are projection, rationalization and suppressionBackground of study:Sigmund Freud's views on the recognition of personality and the structure of the human mind are very outstanding and wonderful. His ideas in this field have also influenced literature and caused psychological criticism of literary works. Psychological criticism is one of the widely used criticisms that is used in the review and evaluation of literary texts and has a special place in literature.Freud's theories on the structure of the human mind and personality are among his most important views, which were very influential in the development and evolution of literary criticism and gave it direction. According to this view, the mind and personality of each person consists of three parts: Conscious, semi-conscious and unconscious. Based on the unconscious, Freud divided the human mind and personality into three parts: id, ego, and superego.Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) is one of the outstanding figures of English literature, who has portrayed a new and rare subject with precision and artistry in her only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray.The basic point in the field of analysis of literary texts with the approach of psychological criticism is that the work must have the context and capability of psychoanalytical criticism so that the researcher can properly criticize it. In addition to mixing the human desire for immortality with moral and artistic values and scary themes, this work is a psychological work in which the author has depicted the human psyche and the conflict of internal forces in the form of different characters. Literary criticism from the perspective of psychology examines the work from various aspects such as the author's personality, content and text, the effect on the reader and how the work was created; But what is most important in literature is the study of the work itself from any point of view. In other words, the most use of psychoanalytic criticism in literature and art is the application of psychological principles in the work itselfMethodology: The current research is based on the psychoanalytical analysis of characters and events related to them by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and using the method of data collection using library sources and authentic documents.Conclusion: Spreading the psychological parts of a character in the form of multiple characters has made the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray capable of psychological criticism and analysis. The three structures of a person's existence,: id, ego, and superego., which were Freud's intellectual achievement, exert their influence on the personality; id and superego are constantly struggling and trying to overcome each other. ego tries to establish a balance between these two, if this effort is successful, the person will enjoy mental health, otherwise, one will prevail over the other and lead to personality disorders. The tension between three conflicting characters in the novel is a vehicle for visualizing the tension between three powerful human instincts. The controversial relationship between Henry and Basil is a diagram of the conflict between the two opposite poles of id and superego . Personality Gray is the embodiment of all human beings who are constantly in the tension between the id and superego . Since the power of the Gray ego structure is weak , his personality system is exposed to damage with absolute desire towards the id and in a gradual collapse, the arena of the union of the ego and the id becomes As a result, the two symbols of superego, namely Basil and picture , are ignored, one by being killed and the other by hiding in a room that is the concrete manifestation of the unconscious mind, and its darkness and special space are parallel to the dark side of Gray psychosis.