علمی - پژوهشی
Zahra Taghavi Fardoud
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 101-116
Abstract
The discovery of a repertoire of myths proves that Sépanlou and Apollinaire are well aware of the social, cultural, traditional, religious and literary geography of various nations. They consciously proceed to the poetic reconstruction of space in order to establish interactions between human space ...
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The discovery of a repertoire of myths proves that Sépanlou and Apollinaire are well aware of the social, cultural, traditional, religious and literary geography of various nations. They consciously proceed to the poetic reconstruction of space in order to establish interactions between human space and literature. In addition to the legendary myths in their poetry, we can discern mythical elements, concealed behind actions, thoughts, words, characters and spaces. The present article intends to address, through two myths common among poets, certain mythical stratifications sedimented in space-time, as well as the reconstruction of space by poets who rely on these mythical stratifications. Moreover, we rely on the methodology of Gilbert Durand, in order to discover the unconscious mind of the poets and present their desires. This fact highlights actions, spaces and literary characters that have resemblances restored with their mythical counterparts. This will clarify the latent myths in them, highlighting the relationship between subject and space, and representing the commonalities between poets.
علمی - پژوهشی
Dominik Carnox –Torabi; Monireh Akbarpouran
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 79-99
Abstract
Imagology, as un approach in Comparative Literature for the study of images and representations of the alien ("other") in a literary work, may have a special relation with Epic genre; because only in this genre, representation of Other necessarily accompanies rejection, fear and exaggerated humiliation; ...
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Imagology, as un approach in Comparative Literature for the study of images and representations of the alien ("other") in a literary work, may have a special relation with Epic genre; because only in this genre, representation of Other necessarily accompanies rejection, fear and exaggerated humiliation; and in the trilogy of reactions to the alien, defined by Daniel Henri Pageaux, i.e. xenophobia, xenophilia and xenomania, this representation is placed in former category. The Epic genre, in fact, is an identity-based genre that, highlighting the differences and conflicts between Us and the Other, covers up the internal contradictions and conflicts and reconstructs social identity. This identity is certainly defined in relation to an otherness which monsters and ogres are examples. In this article, we would analyze the poetic of Other representation in the epic genre, study the mechanism of exclusion and deformation of the alien, and examine its relation with the intrinsic properties of epic.
علمی - پژوهشی
Abdollah Baradaran
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 69-78
Abstract
If we presume the process of translation to a Habermasian “communicative action”, then we may just as well have to delineate the theory of translation under the rubrics of a general theory of communication as has been the case with a concept like discourse analysis. Evidently, the same logic applies ...
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If we presume the process of translation to a Habermasian “communicative action”, then we may just as well have to delineate the theory of translation under the rubrics of a general theory of communication as has been the case with a concept like discourse analysis. Evidently, the same logic applies to semiotics in the realm of human language. Therefore, applying intertextuality which is one of the most decisive guiding principles of semiotics, as a practical approach to the theory, practice, and criticism of translation will prove useful. After a sweeping review of the fundaments and applications of semiotics in the field of linguistics and in translation studies, in particular, the present article will highlight a brilliant example of the semiotic approach to literary translation from the contemporary history of translating classical English literature to Farsi.
علمی - پژوهشی
Parvin Salajegheh
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 175-194
Abstract
This article is an analytical research in narrative techniques, characterization and the role of time dimension, in the historical-fictional narration of “Slaughter house 5” by Kurt Vonnegut, the contemporary American novelist. The first part of the article is a brief introduction. The ...
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This article is an analytical research in narrative techniques, characterization and the role of time dimension, in the historical-fictional narration of “Slaughter house 5” by Kurt Vonnegut, the contemporary American novelist. The first part of the article is a brief introduction. The second part contains Liotard’s theoryof the postmodern narration as well Russian formalist theory of Narratology. The third part, is an analysis of the narrative techniques, time and Characterization.Fictional and historical narrative theoriesare presented with close reference to the text.The researcher hopes that the analysis of the writing techniqueswillhelp the readers to understand better the narrative process of the work.
علمی - پژوهشی
Pedram La’albakhsh
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 144-227
Abstract
The present study focuses on Bucky, Philip Roth’s protagonist in Nemesis, to analyze and criticize this character in the mirror of the myth of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. As such, the researcher tries to followSteven Totosy de Zepetnek’s theory of Comparative Study to explore the howness, not whatness, ...
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The present study focuses on Bucky, Philip Roth’s protagonist in Nemesis, to analyze and criticize this character in the mirror of the myth of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. As such, the researcher tries to followSteven Totosy de Zepetnek’s theory of Comparative Study to explore the howness, not whatness, of the relations between the two works and create a dialogical space to scrutinize and delineate the existing differences and similarities. The findings of this study show that Roth rewrites Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex that is, itself, a proof of the overwhelming omnipresence of myths in our life. Furthermore, it seems that in adapting and recreating the myth of Oedipus, Roth has attempted to emphasize the vulnerability of mankind against the unbending power of fate in 21th century and in an era when man seems to be very proud of his scientific and technological advancements.
علمی - پژوهشی
Bahman Zarrinjooee
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 147-173
Abstract
City, as an active and dynamic organism, a literary mapping of a metropolitan consciousness and a site of culture, is an emblematic space that transforms man’s daily life. Nowadays, cities are not merely more than known geographical borders but they are psycho-verbally mapped. Focusing on James Joyce’s ...
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City, as an active and dynamic organism, a literary mapping of a metropolitan consciousness and a site of culture, is an emblematic space that transforms man’s daily life. Nowadays, cities are not merely more than known geographical borders but they are psycho-verbally mapped. Focusing on James Joyce’s (1882-1941) Dublin, as the manifestation of mental, architectural materials in language in Ulysses (1922), and on Martello Tower, as a historical symbol, this paper determines how Joyce proposes an artistic and aesthetic picture of the city, its official and private places, streets, restaurants, coffeehouses, hospitals, and generally its dwellers’ customs and thoughts. In this sense, by applying Merlin Coverley’s theories, psychogeography and mapping metropolitan geography, the verbal and literary map of Dublin is analysed. Furthermore, the paper indicates how Joyce merges images of individuals, citizens, society and their urban life into psycho-images, and architectural symbols, especially the real architecture of the city based on the experiences of the characters such as Leopold Bloom, Stephen Daedalus, and Molly Bloom. On the one hand, the determinate geography of social classes in Dublin shapes and is shaped by the distribution of housing types and tenures; hence, the architecture of houses, streets, and the psycho-verbal map of those settling in these houses are engaged in a reciprocal and inseparable interaction. On the other hand, the psychogeography of characters, as intellectual and insightful walkers, is investigated while walking or strolling in various streets of Dublin. What Joyce suggests in Ulysses is to reread the exterior, architectural layers of places, particularly Martello Tower, as well as their internal layers including cultural, artistic, and socio-political and mental characteristics of characters through psycho-geographical discourse. This knowledge is resulted from the characters’ walking and waking in Dublin streets. Place, de facto, gives every reader an opportunity to understand not only the history of the city and its culture, but the ideas, thoughts, beliefs, the ways of life and the identity of its inhabitants.
علمی - پژوهشی
Adeleh Heidari; Azizollah Dabaghi; Hossein Barati
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 117-146
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of explicit and implicit instruction on learning and retention of metaphor-based economic terms on the part of Iranian language learners of Economics. The participants were four intact parallel groups of 75 sophomores of Economics .Three groups ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of explicit and implicit instruction on learning and retention of metaphor-based economic terms on the part of Iranian language learners of Economics. The participants were four intact parallel groups of 75 sophomores of Economics .Three groups were instructed through explicit instruction methods, that is, etymological elaboration, contextual definitions, and L1 translation, and one group through an implicit method of instruction. The results of the study indicated that in terms of learning, the participants in 'etymological elaboration' outperformed the other groups in the vocabulary test. They also showed that the participants in 'Contextual Definitions', 'Implicit Instruction' and 'Translation' groups did not perform significantly different from each other. Regarding retention, the test showed a significant difference between the means of the Etymological Elaboration Group, on one hand and Contextual Definition and Implicit Instruction groups, on the other hand. Similarly, the difference between the Implicit Instruction and Translation groups was statisticallysignificant.
علمی - پژوهشی
Mahboubeh Fahimkalam
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 209-236
Abstract
Antichrista, a novel by AmélieNothomb, narrates distress and conflict of its characters. The author portrays the mental status of the characters such as shyness, self-effacement, dependency, lying, contempt and pride. Both succoring and Supremacist characters created by Nothomb in this novel are evocative ...
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Antichrista, a novel by AmélieNothomb, narrates distress and conflict of its characters. The author portrays the mental status of the characters such as shyness, self-effacement, dependency, lying, contempt and pride. Both succoring and Supremacist characters created by Nothomb in this novel are evocative of the personality types addressed by Horne in her psychological theories. Being one of the great theoreticians of psychoanalysis field, Karen Horney attached importance to social and cultural elements in formation of human character. She disagreed with Freudian views on psychoanalysis and finally presented an innovative approach to different behaviors associated with personality types. This article analyzes Antichristaby Amélie Nothomb based on Horny psychological theories.
علمی - پژوهشی
Farnaz Arfaizadeh; Farnak Ashrafi
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 29-46
Abstract
The study of images of four elements of water, wind, earth and fire has always been considered as the main themes of thematic criticism. Images of four- category elements especially image related to the element of water in imaginary (fantasy) world of Colette, as one of the leading French authors in ...
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The study of images of four elements of water, wind, earth and fire has always been considered as the main themes of thematic criticism. Images of four- category elements especially image related to the element of water in imaginary (fantasy) world of Colette, as one of the leading French authors in 20th century, are observed, the most important of which can be referred to the youth water, dirty water and dying water. Do these images play an important role in a study of the literary world of this distinguished author from the perspective of thematic criticism?Is a study of images of these three waters (youth, dirty and dying waters) considered as a way to understand new concepts in Colette works? The aim of the research isthe analysis and interpretation of these images in three works of Colette: Sidonie Gabrielle Colette, Ivy Vines, and Unripe Wheat. The research paves the way for understanding the aforementioned three works, their themes, mental states and impacts of these images on the body and soul of the author.
علمی - پژوهشی
Mohamad Reza Noorollahi; Sheedeh Ahmadzadeh
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 269-289
Abstract
The present article studies the deconstructive discourse in Their Eyes were Watching God byZora NealeHurston, the first African-American female writer. Studies on some major Black feminist novels reveal that these women make discourse work against their oppression. A significant feature of African-American ...
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The present article studies the deconstructive discourse in Their Eyes were Watching God byZora NealeHurston, the first African-American female writer. Studies on some major Black feminist novels reveal that these women make discourse work against their oppression. A significant feature of African-American women’s discourse is the deconstruction of the logo-centric principles that for decades have deprived many minority groups of ‘voice’; therefore, to overthrow the logo-centric systematic, Black women in their discourse make use of elements that are negatively defined in that system by the dominant class. Of the major elements of this discourse, we can refer to: silence, violence, madness, lesbianism, irrationality, etc. As such, it is suggested that the discourse should be called ‘deconstructive discourse’. To demonstrate how Black women make strategic use of deconstructive discourse, Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God is studied in detail. In this novel Janie’s final act of subversion is the murdering of her lover and at the same time her last husband which sets her free from all patriarchal restrictions and prescriptions. Her silence in her subsequent trial in front of an all-white and all-male jury implies the insignificance of the white patriarchy.The present research has been conducted using deconstruction especially through its denial of any center.
علمی - پژوهشی
Hamid-Reza Atashbarab
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 15-28
Abstract
In realistic novels we come across characters that are committed to true, authentic values and principles. According to George Lukacs, who finds realism the cornerstone of literature and Lucien Goldmann, who derives directly from Lukacs and finds each and every work conformed with realism of great value, ...
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In realistic novels we come across characters that are committed to true, authentic values and principles. According to George Lukacs, who finds realism the cornerstone of literature and Lucien Goldmann, who derives directly from Lukacs and finds each and every work conformed with realism of great value, the problematic hero, is transcendentally homeless, unable to bring inner and outer reality, society and personality into a meaningful unity and seeks to transform the modern values and resurrect their lost authenticity. Goldmann, in order to illustrate a rigorous homology between structure in classical novel and the structure of exchange in market economics states that novel as a social product is shaped by social and cultural forces. Because the modern period is heavily influenced by capitalism, the values of capitalism are ingrained in modern works. A hero, who tries to search degradedly for authentic but inaccessible values in a degraded world, will eventually be doomed to failure. Dostoevsky’s The Gambler is in particular a clear example of the non-economic but value-based relation to money in the novel. The current article aims to shed more light on how the problematic heroes of The gambler, appear as sadistic and masochistic sellers and buyers; abandon the authentic values and turn money into the obsessive object of their interest.
علمی - پژوهشی
Narges Montakhabi Bakhtvar
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 245-268
Abstract
Ethics has undergone huge changes in postmodernism as many playwrights of the era have tried to capture the deep interconnection between language and subjectivity. The present essay is an attempt to unravel the new ethical dicta set forth on the American and British stage from the 1960s to 1980s. The ...
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Ethics has undergone huge changes in postmodernism as many playwrights of the era have tried to capture the deep interconnection between language and subjectivity. The present essay is an attempt to unravel the new ethical dicta set forth on the American and British stage from the 1960s to 1980s. The critical framework for this study relies on Giorgio Agamben’s thought and philosophical oeuvre. Agamben’s ethical renovations happen at the close proximity of language, ontology, and politics. He firmly asserts that experiencing the matter and being of language can be considered as an ethical act that questions cultural clichés imposed by power. Postmodern theater has witnessed an unprecedented shift in the role of language; it has forced the audience to venture the theatrical experience in order to be at the margins of communication and speech. This process can be deemed as ethical from Agamben’s point of view as it entices the viewers to see beyond and through the capitalist and ideological workings. Through such a limit experience, theater can find its true stance as a site for communality. The ultimate purpose of this study is to put forward the mechanisms through which performance can become an ethical gesture by installing the awareness of the fact that liminality of language can in itself be a new form of subjectivity.
علمی - پژوهشی
Sasan Baleghizadeh; Mehrdad Yousefpouri Naeem
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 47-68
Abstract
From a linguistic perspective, one of the most challenging aspects of writing is sentence construction. While some sentences are made up of only a single clause, to be more effective in writing, authors often need to combine clauses together to make longer sentences, with the ultimate aim of writing ...
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From a linguistic perspective, one of the most challenging aspects of writing is sentence construction. While some sentences are made up of only a single clause, to be more effective in writing, authors often need to combine clauses together to make longer sentences, with the ultimate aim of writing a composition or a coherent text.Taking a terminological approach, the present study made an attempt to scrutinize a total of 23 grammatical terms often used to teach clauses in writing classes. For this purpose, a corpus of 14 grammar books was developed, and all the 23 terms were looked up and counted in the corpus. In addition, a test of grammatical terminology, made of the same target terms, was administered to 72 BA students of English language and literature at ShahidBeheshti University.Based on the frequency of the terms in the corpus (frequency counts), the results of the terminology test (student familiarity factor), and the analysis of the qualitative data obtained from both the meaning/usage of the terms and the interviews with students, the researchers came up with a modified network of grammatical terms used for teaching clauses, which, if used consistently, could minimize ambiguities and confusions over clause-related terms in ESL/EFL writing instruction.
علمی - پژوهشی
Nafiseh Ghazanfari
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, Pages 195-208
Abstract
In learning second language, the amount of similarity or difference between two language`s phonetic system, has an important effect on student`s learning. It is clear whatever the amount of similarity is more, learning for students will be easier and more difference will increase learning difficulties. ...
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In learning second language, the amount of similarity or difference between two language`s phonetic system, has an important effect on student`s learning. It is clear whatever the amount of similarity is more, learning for students will be easier and more difference will increase learning difficulties. This study, not only explains about consonant sound and phoneme system, but also checks the difference between Chinese and Persian consonant sounds from the perspective of place and manner of articulation, voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated. Meanwhile, an oral test is done to show the effect of difference between Chinese and Persian consonant sounds for learning Chinese consonant sounds by Iranian students which 45 students of ShahidBeheshti University participated in, they read all Chinese consonant sound, and then with checking recorded file, the number of students who pronounce correct or incorrect would be clear. The result from oral test is a supplement for topics which is mentioned in theoretical foundation research study which shows that 10 Chinese consonant sounds have been pronounced correctly by the learners and 11 Chinese consonant sounds which are different with Persian consonant sounds pronounced incorrectly by the learners. Based on the result, with increasing the amount of difference between these two languages, the number of students who pronounce correct decreased. Also these results will prove that the hypothesis of this paper is correctly verified.