علمی - پژوهشی
Anita Amiri
Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate how one can apply literary ap- proach strategies to promote the "writing" skill of German students at Iranian uni- versities.Background studies: Writing is a skill that can be learned. In particular, writing technical texts for the university requires appropriate ...
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The aim of this article is to investigate how one can apply literary ap- proach strategies to promote the "writing" skill of German students at Iranian uni- versities.Background studies: Writing is a skill that can be learned. In particular, writing technical texts for the university requires appropriate training and the use of professional methods and strategies. Summarizing a literary text without using the methods and strategies is considered to be rather impossible and these must definitely be acquired. Language and culture have a strong and inseparable rela- tionship. In addition, it goes without saying that communicative skills now also in- clude intercultural skills. You can only learn and understand the foreign language correctly if you also understand the culture. Today, literature as a comprehensive cultural medium is assigned an important role in foreign language didactics for teaching and promoting the four skills (in the sense of reading, listening, speaking and writing).
علمی - پژوهشی
Maryam Shokouhi
Abstract
Zadie Smith, as a writer intimately associated with London, attacks the false concept of purity and unity in multicultural societies. In The Autograph Man (2002), she depicts the obsessions of Alex Li-Tandem who is half-Jewish and half-Chinese living in the suburban heartland of Jewish London, Mountjoy. ...
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Zadie Smith, as a writer intimately associated with London, attacks the false concept of purity and unity in multicultural societies. In The Autograph Man (2002), she depicts the obsessions of Alex Li-Tandem who is half-Jewish and half-Chinese living in the suburban heartland of Jewish London, Mountjoy. Alex is not a social person at the opening of the novel, and cannot relate to his Jewish background or people surrounding him. So, he starts collecting autographs to compensate for the lack he faces in life. A one- to-one relationship between the subject’s path from "marginalization" to "separation" and, "integration", reclaiming his identity and the role of the Other could be pursued in the novel. In other words, family, place of residence, friends, and religion are significant in the acculturation process that Alex goes through from childhood to adulthood. Con- trary to Smith’s previous works, the novel emphasizes less on the multicultural issues centered on the land and more on religious identity.
علمی - پژوهشی
Mohammad Hossein Haddadi
Abstract
When it comes to the concern of transfer of form and content in lyrical literature translation, the first step would be the question that “does basically the essential capacity to transfer the form exist in the target language and literature?” Friedrich Rueckert's innovative and creative ...
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When it comes to the concern of transfer of form and content in lyrical literature translation, the first step would be the question that “does basically the essential capacity to transfer the form exist in the target language and literature?” Friedrich Rueckert's innovative and creative solution to this problem is that at the first step, he has entered the poetic form from persian language and literature in German prior to translating poems of Hafez, making use of Persian language capacities in German language and literature. The consolidation of lyrical form of ġazal in German, gave him the opportunity and possibility to move across richness of german language, culture and literature and reminds a new way of thinking about how to transfer form source language to target language. This thought played an important role in realizing his motto "World Poetry is Global Reconciliation" and was in line with the idea of world literature.
علمی - پژوهشی
Narjes Khodaee
Abstract
Christoph Ransmayer’s novel The Last World is a successful example of the creative reinterpretation of myths. The novel has a dynamic plot, mixes the historical sources about the life of the Roman poet Ovid with borrowed motifs from Metamorphoses, and alternates between premodern and modern time ...
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Christoph Ransmayer’s novel The Last World is a successful example of the creative reinterpretation of myths. The novel has a dynamic plot, mixes the historical sources about the life of the Roman poet Ovid with borrowed motifs from Metamorphoses, and alternates between premodern and modern time levels and worlds. In myth and the history of civilization, the author observes the same destructive forces and phenomena of decay that point to present conditions and future catastrophes. The present essay has examined the peculiar mixture of reception and appropri- ation of the old myths in Ransmayer’s The Last World, as well as their creative reference to the concept of the historical novel. Besides, the philosophical and so- cial aspects of the work have been discussed to relevant theoretical debates. When examining the content-related and formal aspects of the Last World, different nar- rative strategies could be shown: While the intertextual play with known narrative materials, the variable recoding of mythical symbols and the mixing of various spatial and temporal levels can be understood as postmodern traits, this novel has different characteristics characteristic features that mark a closeness to modern works, especially when the novel in impressive pictures and stories thematizes the increase in destructive potentials in cultural history or subliminally criticizes the devastating consequences of instrumental reason in the present.
علمی - پژوهشی
Seyed Hossein Sadat Hosseini Khajooee; زهره رامین
Abstract
The goal of this study is to analyze through Drake’s model of the human side of organizational principles, The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro. The novel will be analyzed using Barthes’s literary codes which originate from Taoism and Zen philosophy as sources of creative thinking. Ishiguro ...
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The goal of this study is to analyze through Drake’s model of the human side of organizational principles, The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro. The novel will be analyzed using Barthes’s literary codes which originate from Taoism and Zen philosophy as sources of creative thinking. Ishiguro novels foreground the behavioral and classi- cal organizations, hence welcome a comprehensive study between literature and social sciences. The role of humanistic organizations in providing a better chance of growth both for the organization and its human compartments has exceeded the boundaries of social sciences and management, as behavioral approach of leading organizations has become a major development in honoring personal identity. Michael Drafke has deter- mined the kind of proper interaction between decision-makers and subordinates in field researches. These theories of the human side of organizations are mostly for behavioral management, a short coming in the literature have been addressed. The epistemology and ontology of the behavioral approach have been to the benefit of decision-makers and subordinates. In The Remains of the Day, the dominant organizational implications are classical. The core claim of this study is that it informs a blending of behavioral and classical approaches to be implemented between decision-makers and subordinates who are unequal educationally and characteristically as a pragmatic strategy. This study concludes that an appropriate blending of these two approaches can have pragmatic re- sults to pave the way for implementing a full behavioral approach that is able to establish an equilibrium between humanity and organization. Introduction:Organizations have to be reformed in order to fulfil the most important re- quirements of humanity for the sake of empowerment of the human side of organizations. The gradual change from classical view of organizational decision making to behavioral cooperation for the same goal has been in this direction. Ishiguro’s novel is written in an expanded humanistic tradition to demonstrate a new approach towards Drafke’s orga- nizational principles.
علمی - پژوهشی
Leila Babaeinia; بهمن زرینجویی
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the multiple structure of storytelling in Storyteller (1981) by Leslie Marmon Silko (1946- ), an Indian American author using the ideas of Hayden White, Susan Sontag, and Roland Barthes, and to provide a histor- ical-artistic reading concerning the role of images ...
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The purpose of this article is to examine the multiple structure of storytelling in Storyteller (1981) by Leslie Marmon Silko (1946- ), an Indian American author using the ideas of Hayden White, Susan Sontag, and Roland Barthes, and to provide a histor- ical-artistic reading concerning the role of images within the photographs which are intertwined with the culture, life and history of the people of Leguna Pueblo and Silko’s narratives. In other words, the structural and aesthetic relationship between photog- raphy, collective and individual memory, history and storytelling is examined. Having used Lee Marmon’s photographs and traditional narratives of past Silko, similar to a historian, interweaves what happened in the past into a narrative emplotment. In addition, according to White’s view that history is a kind of narrative whose closest relation is with fiction, it can be pointed out that the interpretive patterns of historians are a bridge between the two worlds of history and literature. The photographs in this work are visual-historical documents that record a choherent structure of past experi- ences and events at a specific time and place, which like the historical discourse and remnants enter the realm of time. Thus, from the perspective of modern historiography, these photographs themselves become historical events and are part of the process of decoding the historical events of a nation. Silko’s narratives along with the art of photography and historiography creates a kind of multiple narrative literature and discourse of literary historiography.
علمی - پژوهشی
Ali Saeidi; Mahnush Eskandari
Abstract
In the present study, we have studied and compared the subordinate relative clauses in complex sentences in Persian and Russian. A relative clause is the same adjective but, unlike adjective, it appears as a dependent clause in the complex sentence. In this paper, we examine the types of Persian subordinate ...
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In the present study, we have studied and compared the subordinate relative clauses in complex sentences in Persian and Russian. A relative clause is the same adjective but, unlike adjective, it appears as a dependent clause in the complex sentence. In this paper, we examine the types of Persian subordinate relative clauses and their comparison with the Russian subordinate relative clauses, the subordinate conjunctions in these two languages, the position and movement of these clauses in Russian and Persian sentences. The purpose of this study is to study, analyze and descriptive accurate comparison of the subordinate relative clauses in Persian and Russian and to extract and analyze their similarities and differences in these two languages, in order to facilitate the teaching of Russian complex sentences to Persian language students. The positions of the subordinate relative clauses are identical in the Russian and Persian complex sentences, but unlike in the Persian language, these clauses do not have the ability to move from near the reference word to the end of the sentence. Their classification, punctuation, and the subordinate conjunctions in the subordinate relative clauses in these two languages are different.
علمی - پژوهشی
Aliakbar Pormouzeh; Hoda Shabrang
Abstract
The present study in an analysis of violence and racism in the three novels of Tony Morison in light of Slavoj Žižek (1949-) theory of violence. Subjective violence refers to visible crime and terror in the social and individual level. Objective violence is both visible and invisible, manifested in ...
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The present study in an analysis of violence and racism in the three novels of Tony Morison in light of Slavoj Žižek (1949-) theory of violence. Subjective violence refers to visible crime and terror in the social and individual level. Objective violence is both visible and invisible, manifested in forms of systemic violence in racism, hate-speech, discrimination, and systemic violence as the catastrophic effects of economic and political systems. In A Mercy, slave trade, rape, and mercy represented ontological violence, subjective violence, and systemic violence, respectively. In Paradise, that is a reaction to racism and consequence of segregation laws, not only subjective violence is still committed, but also it is changed into invisible or objective forms such as interracial violence and intergenerational conflict. In God Help the Child, while all forms of violence are still performed, interracial conflict (between members of a colored family) reveals that new layers of violence and exploitation are reproduced which challenged the post-racial claims and endorses colorblind racism and emergence of racial identity crisis. Therefore, Morison considers racial norms as social and ideological constructions of colonialism that are regularly transformative and generative.
علمی - پژوهشی
azadeh rajaei; Davood Borzabadi Farahani
Abstract
English Homework, Achievement, and Motivation IntroductionIn many countries of the world, homework accounts for a considerable proportion of study time (Cooper, 1989; Cooper, Lindsay, Nye, & Greathouse, 1998; Xu, 2005). At the same time, the effectiveness of homework has been discussed a lot, ...
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English Homework, Achievement, and Motivation IntroductionIn many countries of the world, homework accounts for a considerable proportion of study time (Cooper, 1989; Cooper, Lindsay, Nye, & Greathouse, 1998; Xu, 2005). At the same time, the effectiveness of homework has been discussed a lot, and studies investigating the relationship between homework and achievement have produced mixed results. Most previous research on homework has focused on homework time and analyzed the relationship between homework and achievement (Cooper, Robinson, & Patall, 2006). However, according to Corno (1996), homework is a complex process affected by a variety of factors. Previous research fails to reflect the complexity of the variables involved in homework assignment and homework completion, and the methodological pitfalls of many studies make it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the strength of the homework achievement relationship (Trautwein, 2007). Background StudiesThe few empirical studies to date that have included homework variables indicate beneficial effects of homework. For instance, in their comprehensive study Trautwein, Niggli, Schnyder, and Lu¨dtke (2009) asked teachers about their homework attitudes and behaviors. Overall, they found a relatively low emphasis on drill and practice tasks and a high emphasis on motivation. Cooper (1989) distinguished between homework containing same-day tasks and homework including elements of practice and preparation and found that cognitively more demanding homework assignments were much more favorable and beneficial.In another study, using structural equation modeling, Keith and Cool (1992) found that giving a combination of practice and project homework was positively associated with a higher motivation, which in turn was positively related to achievement. Method The present study examines the effect of different types of homework on learners' language achievement and motivation. Six types of homework have been introduced naming practice, preparation, extensive, guided discovery, real world, and project homework. In this study 3 groups of intermediate level students were chosen from ILI in Babolsar each group containing 17 adult female learners. The first group had only practice homework (the ILI workbook), the second group received preparation homework and the third group had to do extensive homework. The treatment took a whole term (20 sessions) and the ILI final exam scores in addition to an oral exam were used to measure the students' achievement. A questionnaire was also employed which consisted of close and open ended questions. Furthermore, 12 learners (4 learners of each group) participated in a semi-structured interview in Farsi at the end of the term.Conclusion / Discussion The results of the final and oral exam were analyzed using SPSS and the qualitative data of the questionnaire and the interview have been examined with N-VIVO (8).The 2nd and 3rd groups outperformed in both final and oral exams. The group with extensive homework outperformed the other two in oral exam. And the group with extensive homework had the highest level of motivation while preparation homework group was next.
علمی - پژوهشی
morteza babak moein
Abstract
Eric Landowski distinguishes two different and possible forms in searching for joy and happiness based on two different forms of taste and desire: ‘the longing to enjoy from’ and ‘the longing to be enjoyed from’. In regard to ‘the longing to be enjoyed from’ which ...
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Eric Landowski distinguishes two different and possible forms in searching for joy and happiness based on two different forms of taste and desire: ‘the longing to enjoy from’ and ‘the longing to be enjoyed from’. In regard to ‘the longing to be enjoyed from’ which is the main topic of discussion here, he proposes two different takes of ‘enjoy’.The first take defines subject’s sense of enjoyment built on a one-way relationship of possessing the other person or worldly element. The second one describes the sense of joy based on a reciprocal interaction between the subject and the world which Landowski calls ‘to like’.He also poses two different interactions on subject’s association to the world, which one is attached to the idea of ‘use’ and the other to ‘praxis’.The present paper tries to describe and explain Landowski’s train of thought on taste and desire system and analyze the key concepts of the field as well as proving that in Proust’s significant novel, In Search of Lost Time, the interaction between Marcel and Swann and the beloved is based on possessive desire and is founded on idea of ‘using’. On the other hand, their interactions with the worldly elements are grounded on affectionate intentions established by the praxis with the world, meaning the elements are not considered as objects but subjects or semi-subjects.
علمی - پژوهشی
Lida Matin Parsa
Abstract
A psycho-cultural study of 9/11 attack and its pertinent trauma, reflected in Ian McEwan’s Saturday illuminates the manipulated structures of cognition and cultural identity and the way the unreliable narrators in this narrative are causing cognitive dissonance through their socio-culturally-made ...
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A psycho-cultural study of 9/11 attack and its pertinent trauma, reflected in Ian McEwan’s Saturday illuminates the manipulated structures of cognition and cultural identity and the way the unreliable narrators in this narrative are causing cognitive dissonance through their socio-culturally-made trauma resulted by the cognitive manipulation of the 9/11 event. The way the narrator and characters in the selected novel cope with the 9/11 attack displays the cleft Festinger refers to as the cognitive dissonance as a distasteful condition led by the awareness of inconsistencies between beliefs, attitudes, or actions. However, People inherently aspire to the consistency, so they are impelled to reduce the dissonance between what actually occurred and what has been manipulated. While through the narrations, the narrators symbolically act as history-tellers reflecting the 9/11 era, the reliability or unreliability of what they narrate should be socio-culturally investigated. Based on Festinger’s theory of ‘cognitive dissonance’ and Elaine Auyoung’s idea on ‘huge cognitive leaps’, the cognition of a person changes and adapts itself to sociocultural settings and events. So any narration is prone to subjectivity and subsequently not necessarily reliable. Consequently what happens through the cognitive manipulation is meaning construction that makes narrations of cultural traumas unreliable. Thus, McEwan’s aesthetic representation of the 9/11 trauma makes the reader encounter an unreliable version of a cultural trauma, connoting the fact that the borderline between fact and traumatic fabrications is hard to distinguish due to cognitive manipulations.
علمی - پژوهشی
Faranak Hashemi
Abstract
The translation of Persian Literature started in the 16th century in Germany. Due to historical and social changes, new translations, corrections, and adaptations of such works were made. One of the most well-known Persian works that has been translated numerous times over the centuries are the Rubaiyat ...
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The translation of Persian Literature started in the 16th century in Germany. Due to historical and social changes, new translations, corrections, and adaptations of such works were made. One of the most well-known Persian works that has been translated numerous times over the centuries are the Rubaiyat poems of Khayyam.This paper introduces varieus German translations of Khayyam’s Rubaiyat which includes translations from Persian into German and also indirect translations, mostly from English into German. Some examples of these translations according to Koller’s Formal Aesthetic Equivalence are given and reviewed. Also the analogy of interlingual comparison or “simple comparison” that is the comparison of the original text with its translation in the target language according to Reiss’ theory will be analized moreover, intralingual comparison or in other words “multi-comparison” in which various translations of a certain text are being compared will be discussed.Keywords: literary translation, German language, Khayyam’s Rubaiyat, intralingual comparison, interlingual comparison