Original Article
mahin moradi; Leili Mesgarzadeh aghdam; Shahram Sahavi
Abstract
Introduction : The learning of German language vocabulary can be investigated from two points of view: "meaning and morphological structure". There are different ways to expand the vocabulary, most of the new words are created by word building method. Since the German language is rich in derivational ...
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Introduction : The learning of German language vocabulary can be investigated from two points of view: "meaning and morphological structure". There are different ways to expand the vocabulary, most of the new words are created by word building method. Since the German language is rich in derivational and compound words, One of the suggested strategies for better learning German vocabulary is teaching vocabulary based on the word-formation knowledge. The two main forms of word formation in the German language are "compounds and derivatives" which make up a wide range of German words, Therefore, the importance of learning German vocabulary based on identifying the root of the word and using morphology becomes more visible. The research problem is that whether there is a relationship between the teachings of morphology and etymology in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary for the learner of this language? This research aims to measure the effect of using morphological and etymological teachings in increasing the learning of potential German vocabulary. The hypotheses of this research are that etymological and morphological teachings help the learner to analyze and understand the meaning of new words and also help the learner to effectively store and expand new German words in memory. Background of the Study: There are various theories in vocabulary acquisition according to experts such as Rainer Bohn, Bernd-Dietrich Müller and others, which Wolfgang Hallet and Frank G. Königs collected in their vocabulary acquisition chapter, including learning words in the text, classifying words in different situations, and synonymous and opposite categories, etc, but what this research deals with is the potential vocabulary and the importance of teaching the rules of word formation in vocabulary lessons. According to Rainer Bohn, it is one of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. because if the learner is familiar with the rules of word formation, It will also have the ability to infer the meaning of many unknown words. And this means that when faced with many new words, he tries to guess the meaning of those words and less needs to refer to the dictionary. Methodologie: For this purpose, an experimental method was used, And it is analytical-field type, during which two identical groups of German translation students were tested.To compare the two groups, their class scores were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test. The result of the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is no significant difference between the scores of the two groups at the five percent level, which means that the two groups were equal and at the same level before the test. Then the vocabulary test was held for two groups. Data analysis in this method is for applying the right statistical or logical technique so that the raw data makes sense. conclusion : Vocabulary test results of both groups showed that the vocabulary of the students who learned vocabulary By identifying the root of the word, morphology and word formation rules was wider than the control group.Thus the test results based on statistical analysis and the T-test were checked. In the T-test, the comparison of the average scores of the two groups is significant at the significant level of one percent, and this itself shows a significant difference between the results of the two groups. The result of the statistical analysis on the experiments as well as the hypotheses of the research evaluates the answers to the research questions positively. Therefore, the results of the research show the positive effect of vocabulary analysis in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary.
Original Article
Ahmad Reza Rahimi; ُShideh Ahmadzadeh Heravi
Abstract
Jhumpa Lahiri’s stories have been studied more or less as expressing the cultural conflicts and problems of living in a host land. However, this study hopes to open new horizons in studying works of Lahiri from a new point of view – that of trauma and traumatic studies, with the special focus ...
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Jhumpa Lahiri’s stories have been studied more or less as expressing the cultural conflicts and problems of living in a host land. However, this study hopes to open new horizons in studying works of Lahiri from a new point of view – that of trauma and traumatic studies, with the special focus on works of Cathy Caruth. Traditionally defined as the wounds to the body of a person in an event, the word trauma has come to be related with the mental problems resulting from being a participant in the events which happen so suddenly that the person would not have enough time to understand it. Cathy Caruth, following the ideas of Sigmund Freud, attributes the shock experienced by the people in a traumatic event to the fact that the people do not have an access to the reality of trauma, which necessitates its recurrence which would provide an opportunity for the same person to experience it again. This paper intends to have a view on the short story “A Temporary Matter” by Lahiri from the viewpoint of the trauma studies. It will clarify how the ideas expressed by Caruth and similar critics can be detected so well in this story – ideas such as the unconscious and incomplete meeting of the trauma by the people going through it and that in order to overcome the following problems and restless feelings, it would necessary for having the trauma re-experienced by the same person.
Original Article
Alireza Mahdipour; Hossein Pirnajmuddin
Abstract
IntroductionThe discourse of labor (and idleness) is theorized in ancient classical times by Hesiod who regarded labor as an affliction, and the aristocratic Plato-Aristotelian circle of thought who ignored its value since they attributed it to the slaves, celebrating instead the man’s ‘Noble ...
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IntroductionThe discourse of labor (and idleness) is theorized in ancient classical times by Hesiod who regarded labor as an affliction, and the aristocratic Plato-Aristotelian circle of thought who ignored its value since they attributed it to the slaves, celebrating instead the man’s ‘Noble Idleness’. The theory of labor developed in the medieval period by the ambivalent Church fathers who related it to the Fall of man, and the consequent strife as penance. In the late medieval, however, the attitude to labor changed dramatically, as it is manifested in the thoughts of late medieval Church fathers such as Thomas Aquinas, who valued labor as a virtue, forestalling the more secularized Renaissance, which is anticipated in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Background of the StudyWith the advent of Christianity and the decline of the ancient slavery system and the rise of feudalist system in Europe, attitudes to labor and wealth were modified. Christianity broke radically with the previous view of labour, yet labor was still seen as a punishment for the Fall of Man. However, in the late fourteenth century England the estate of the clergy encountered a paradoxical attitude towards labor. On the one hand, according to the Biblical instructions, labor is necessary and virtuous, and idleness or sloth a deadly sin, and on the other hand, this praiseworthy labor is allotted to the peasant estate, leaving the role of the clergy still uncertain. The clergy are mostly consumers rather than producers. MethodologyIn the late medieval England, the development of the middle class and the rise of mercantilism on the one hand, and the long futile wars, famine and death tolls caused by the plagues on the other hand secularized Europe and highlighted the value of laboring bodies. Attitudes to labor changed, especially labor for food production. The attitude of the clergy, however, was paradoxical towards labor. According to the Christian doctrine and ethics, work was a virtue, but practically in the feudal system of medieval period manual work was allotted to the peasants. To cope with this ideological flaw, the clergy triumphed in their (non-productive) clerical labor and services in their meditative and ascetic lives. Failure in achieving these ideals is satirized by the pilgrim-Chaucer’s highlighting the significance of food and food-makers. Accordingly, labor and the images of labor are praised in the “General Prologue” as useful in contrast with the idleness or uneconomic labors of the clergy. The praise is often applied for those pilgrims that are involved in the productive labor, or more specifically, in the food production, namely, the Plowman, the Miller, and the Cook. In connection with the food production, the motifs of eating, consumption, and gluttony are also related, with the medieval mores.
Original Article
Bahareh Nilforoshan; Bakhtiar Sadjadi; Fariba Parvizi; Farid Parvaneh
Abstract
Introduction: Reading contemporary fiction through diverse disciplines appears to be a substantial part of narrative studies in particular and literature in general providing a tenable framework of interdisciplinary discourses of knowledge to study and explore fiction. Caryl Phillips’s The Nature ...
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Introduction: Reading contemporary fiction through diverse disciplines appears to be a substantial part of narrative studies in particular and literature in general providing a tenable framework of interdisciplinary discourses of knowledge to study and explore fiction. Caryl Phillips’s The Nature of Blood embraces a labyrinth of narratives, the Holocaust as its ultimate point of recollection. Phillips, by narrating the horrific memories of a camp survivor, delves into the dark memories of racism and brings it to its old days, as far as Othello’s in Venice. The present study explores this dark legacy through a relatively new approach to literature using socio-cultural anthropological concepts. In doing so, the present paper scrutinized The Nature of Blood through the concepts of territorial stigma, ghetto, and punitive containment in order to delineate the true and indisputable role of fiction in other social sciences, emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of literature and novel, in particular. Focusing on the conception of ghetto as a stigmatized territory narrated by Eva and Othello, the two major narrators in the novel, the article finds it as an available and costless strategy of punitive containment practiced through the course of history and represented in The Nature of Blood.Background of Study: Wacquant elucidates his ideas on the nexus of marginality, ethnicity, and penalty. However, tenets of territorial stigmatization and ghettoization would cover more nationalities and disciplinary boundaries. He builds his notions of ghetto on a comparison of some canonical cases and concludes that ghetto is an institutional form that would lead to territorial and social stigmatization: “the ghetto is an institutional form, a social-organizational device that employs space to fulfill two conflictive functions: economic extraction and social ostracization” (Urban Outcasts, 3). He develops the concept of territorial stigmatization according to this comparative approach to social theory and applies his findings about neighborhood taint on both sides of the Atlantic. Moreover, he has contributed to urban studies by his notion of advanced marginality. Methodology: This article is a library-based research and uses various sources both in interdisciplinary discourses and contemporary fiction. Ghetto is pictured as punitive containment strategy to push the members of periphery to territories of stigma and deprive them of their collective identity and sense of belonging. Conclusion: The present paper explores The Nature of Blood as an instance of the author’s multi-layered narration in a versatile scope of time, place and history that makes it an appropriate microcosm to apply Wacquant’s conception of territorial stigma, ghetto, and punitive containment. It is concluded that territorial stigma, along with other labels relegating the repressed to the margins of a society, is a recurrent and dynamic threat to the integrity of the underclass and the precariat making it difficult to grasp to any kind of collective action and thus, reflecting the future lives and struggles of the migrants with diverse ethno-racial and religious backgrounds, especially from the Middle East, who were trying to find refuge in Europe after the wake of ISIS. Moreover, ghetto, scrutinized by Wacquant in its modern sense, finds its roots in Renaissance Europe in Phillips’ fiction, proving the bitter fact that the ghetto is the other side of the prison aiming at the exclusionary closure of the outcasts of the society and continued almost unchanged to the modern urban metropolis. The punitive containment during the course of history proved to be a practical and priceless strategy to keep the underclass precariat and the social outcasts at bay behind the bars of the prison, sometimes embodied in the form of the ghetto and has always been reflected in literature due to its potential socio-cultural and anthropological overtones.
Original Article
Bahare Aarabi; Negar Sharif
Abstract
Introduction: The industrial development and rapid economic growth of the United States in the mid-twentieth century pushed the concept of nature to the margins. It is presumed that the literary pieces made during this period ignored nature to the advantage of the multilateral development of the country. ...
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Introduction: The industrial development and rapid economic growth of the United States in the mid-twentieth century pushed the concept of nature to the margins. It is presumed that the literary pieces made during this period ignored nature to the advantage of the multilateral development of the country. However, some writers consciously or unconsciously opposed this mainstream and encouraged ecological awareness. This paper seeks to study Denise Levertov’s “A Tree Telling of Orpheus”—published in 1968—in the light of eco-phenomenology to disclose Levertov’s eco-consciousness embedded in her holistic and non-hierarchical attitude toward life, against her days' backdrop of the separation paradigm. Levertov’s early works mainly celebrate nature, but her later works are primarily distinguished as social and political. This research focuses on Merleau-Ponty’s concept of ‘chiasm’ to reveal the reciprocally embodied participation between Orpheus and his natural surroundings, hidden in a shadow cast by political and spiritual analyses of this text.Background of Study: Levertov’s poetry has been studied within the framework of various literary theories, mainly Marxism and feminism. The present study gains significance as it brings the interdisciplinary approach of eco-phenomenology to practical analysis of the human-nature relationship in “A Tree Telling of Orpheus.” In the late 1960s, the Vietnam War became the US government's top priority; most literary figures of this era addressed this issue in their works. Moreover, most of the critical studies have also focused on the political aspects of these pieces, ignoring their other elements. This poem, written in 1968—while the Vietnam War was still raging—has been no exception. In her paper “A Poetic Re-Telling of the Orphic Myth: A Political Study of Denise Levertov’s ‘A Tree Telling of Orpheus’,” Rana Jabir Obed holds that like Orphic music, the Vietnam War brought “appreciation and political awareness” to the youth (Obed 4). Other aspects of this work have also been noticed by critics. In “The Hasidic Context of Nature and Music in Denise Levertov’s Relearning the Alphabet,” Estra Gancarz-Jurek stated that Levertov’s concerns for the environment and music were derived from her Hasidic religion. What the present research intends to add to the existing corpus is to study the ecological aspect of this poetry from a different angle, ‘eco-phenomenology’, to disclose an awareness of a broader phenomenological world. Methodology: The present research, as a qualitative and a descriptive one, embarks on library work and context analysis. The Main theoretical premise of this study is the eco-phenomenological concept of ‘chiasm’ put forth by Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961). 'Eco-phenomenology,' as the point where philosophy and ecology meet, deals with environmental issues from a phenomenological viewpoint. Chiasm, “the reciprocal participation—between one’s own flesh and the encompassing flesh of the world” (Abram 81), dismantles the Cartesian mind/body dualism and its subsequent nature/culture distinction to open the body to the world. Emphasizing the notion of ‘embodiment,’ this study discloses the chiasmatic moments when nature and culture are intertwined. Here, the emphasis is placed on the music’s role in creating these holistic experiences.Conclusion: This research rejected the transcendental subject in favor of the ‘body-subject’ by emphasizing the superiority of the body in the process of perception to reveal the mutually embodied participation between Orpheus and nature. Using literary devices like ‘anthropomorphism,’ ‘chremamorphism,’ ‘synesthesia,’ and ‘onomatopoeia,’ the boundary between humans and nature was blurred. Thus, a Cartesian, culture-nature outlook faded into a holistic one, and a corporeally blurred amalgam of Orpheus and the surrounding nature rose to the surface. Here, the emphasis was placed on music’s role in bringing these holistic experiences. It should be mentioned that the eco-phenomenological study of literary works can encourage a holistic attitude, preventing the destruction of the environment.
Original Article
Hoda Shabrang; Bahare Tajik
Abstract
IntroductionNowadays, speaking about immigration and its consequences is a controversial topic of many academic groups. The rise of postcolonialism and immigration has led to indescribable changes in world public affairs. In the field of immigration studies, the individual experiences of women in the ...
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IntroductionNowadays, speaking about immigration and its consequences is a controversial topic of many academic groups. The rise of postcolonialism and immigration has led to indescribable changes in world public affairs. In the field of immigration studies, the individual experiences of women in the diaspora are not significantly considered as the dominant experiences of immigrant men who are still claimed to represent all immigrants. Thus, it can become challenging to examine female migration experiences and it consequences which are ignored and overlooked. For this reason the eminent novel of Mohsin Hamid, Exit West, is chosen. This article carefully examines the consequences of assimilation of female characters in the hybridized Space.Background of the StudyAlthough assimilation to the host cultures in hybridized spaces situates migrant women in impossible situation or inbetween, the transformation of the migrant women’s identities can also become a tool to deconstruct stereotypes of third world women and patriarchal hegemonic discourse. In Exit West the main character, Nadia, is presented as the migrant woman with hybridized identity. The migrant woman is not obliged to choose between two identities, particularly between the cultural identity of the country where she comes from and that where she finds herself. In other words, both identities can co-exist in the same person, dialoguing and promoting cultural understanding. In this way immigrant woman in hybridized space is empowered to move freely between cultures and establish a sense of home and belonging even in her new places. These ideas of identity transformation and identity creation are very evident in Nadia at Exit West, portrayed as a key example of an immigrant woman whose identity is influenced by the places and cultures she encounters around the world. She feels like “vermin” at first in the host culture yet she turns to a beautiful butterfly at the end of the story.MethodologyThe present article explores the ignored parts of female experiences as subalterns in migration and it focuses on the process of their assimilation in the host countries in accordance with the Gayatri Spivak’s theories. Her intention to illustrate that the level where the subaltern could be heard or read cannot be reached because what is said is either ignored, forgotten or it simply disappears from the official, male-centered historical. As the migrant woman’s identity transforms from “somebody” to “nobody”, she further more hopelessly agonizes as she also turns from a former member of a society to someone who is just “the Other”. This predicament of otherness is a universal reality among migrant women as they do not only experience it from people whose nationalities are different from them but also from men with whom they share similar race or background.ConclusionThe idea that female migrants consider their identities as multiple or fluid is a key theme in literary representations of the female migrant experiences in the novel, Exit West. The key point to consider is that such representations of the experience of the migrant woman underlines how this shift in identity does not only come in the form of a physical alteration of her body and geographical crossing of borders but, more so, in her symbolical and psychological being. Despite the number of challenging experiences for migrant women in Exit West, it does overall emphasizes on the positive impact of such migration experiences. In fact, migration is also depicted as an opportunity that opens doors for the migrant woman to be exposed to a multicultural life and to improve her quality of life.
Original Article
Armin Fazelzad
Abstract
Introduction: Since the ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language is being capable of communicating in that language, the concept of interactional competence is of dire importance in teaching and learning a second language. Interactional competence is the ability to use language in different social ...
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Introduction: Since the ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language is being capable of communicating in that language, the concept of interactional competence is of dire importance in teaching and learning a second language. Interactional competence is the ability to use language in different social contexts. Furthermore, as a paralinguistic code, intonation has direct influence on the accent of learner or the so-called foreign accent. Literature Review: Chomsky (1965) introduces performance versus competence. Hymes (1972) broadens competence to include language use in social situations that he calls communicative competence. According to Kramsch (1986) concepts of addressee and communication context are main factors that differentiate interactional competence from communicative competence. Based on Young (2011), interactional competence includes identity, linguistic and interactional resources. Markee (2008) views interactional competence in three elements, namely, a formal system, a semiotic system and paralinguistic features. Methodology: This article aims at going from linguistic and communicative competence to interactional competence that is both context- and interactants-dependent, in order to study intonation in real conversation. To this end, functions of intonation in German language are introduced and described in the process of reaching interactional competence and maintaining successful communication in this language. Results: In teaching a foreign language, we should engage the learners in social and cultural aspects of the language in order to improve and develop their interactional skills and reach near native accent.
Original Article
Sedigheh Sherkat Moghadam
Abstract
Introduction:La traduction permet d’échanger des idées et des réflexions du monde. Parmi divers textes littéraires, la traduction de la poésie semble difficile selon certains chercheurs. La difficulté majeure est de recréer l’union du sens ...
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Introduction:La traduction permet d’échanger des idées et des réflexions du monde. Parmi divers textes littéraires, la traduction de la poésie semble difficile selon certains chercheurs. La difficulté majeure est de recréer l’union du sens et de la sonorité qui caractérise la poésie et fait partie du sens des poèmes. Parmi les poètes français, les poèmes de Leconte de Lille occupe une place particulière dans la littérature française, car ce poète fait partie des adeptes de l'école de «l'art pour l'art» et est très sensible à la forme, à la musique et à la beauté de la poésie. En tant que traducteur de certains poèmes de ce poète, Shojauddin Shafa a tenté d'établir un compromis entre la fidélité au texte et l'esthétique des vers.Dans cette recherche, on tente d'examiner la traduction persane du poème «le Sommeil de Laila» écrite par Lecomte de Lille à partir des opinions d'Henri Meschonnic afin de savoir si la forme, le rythme et les éléments esthétiques de ce poème ont été transférés dans la langue cible ou non. Pour atteindre cet objectif, les vers de ce poème sont divisés en trois catégories : rythme linguistique, rythme rhétorique et rythme poétique, puis, on compare les vers de ce poème avec sa traduction afin d’évaluer le degré de divergence et de convergence entre les poèmes de Leconte de Lille et les textes traduits par Shafa à différents niveaux. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que le traducteur a utilisé plutôt la méthode "traduction-interprétation".
Etat de connaissance :Dans l'article «Etude du rythme dans les traductions persanes des œuvres de Christian Bobin: le cas des traductions de Geai (Idiot du quartier) et d'Isabelle Bruges faites par Qavimi», Mohseni examine le rythme dans les traductions de cette traductrice. Selon l'auteur, Bobin exprime une pensée simple et sincère. Ses écrits sont pleins de phrases courtes dont le rythme lent ou rapide exprime les sentiments et les pensées des personnages. En examinant la traduction des deux récits d’Idiot du quartier et d'Isabelle Bruges, Mohseni montre que le traducteur s'est parfois écarté du rythme du texte original pour respecter les règles d'orthographe, mais il a réussi à recréer le rythme et les signes de l'oralité.Méthodologie :Notre travail de recherche a pour objectif la critique de la traduction « du Sommeil de Leila » en persan selon Meschonnic afin de voir si la rigueur et la recherche formelle de Leconte de Liste pour dessiner l’art et la beauté ont été bien transmises dans la traduction. Nous allons étudier la divergence et la convergence entre l’original et le texte traduit sur différents plans tels que le sens, la forme, le style, la musicalité, le rythme, la sonorité, etc.Conclusion :Les analyses présentées ont montré que la traduction des poèmes parnassiens n'est pas possible simplement en choisissant des équivalents appropriés et en transmettant le sens, car la principale caractéristique de leurs vers se base sur le rythme, la musique et le chant. Les opinions de Meschonnic sur l'importance du rythme dans le texte et l'attention portée au «sens général d'un discours» ont clairement montré que la reproduction de la musicalité du discours est très importante dans la traduction. En comparant le tableau contenant la sonorité, la richesse des rimes et les strophes en version française et en version persane de notre travail, on pourrait conclure que le traducteur n’a pas bien transmis ni la musicalité, ni les sonorités des vers dans la traduction.
Original Article
Dominique Carnoy-Torabi; Marghrouri SHahrzad
Abstract
Introduction: In the course of one’s life, a person constantly changes due to various environmental and social factors and inevitably adopts new frameworks. One of the most radical changes that a person experiences is the transformation of beliefs and the development of a new identity. In this ...
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Introduction: In the course of one’s life, a person constantly changes due to various environmental and social factors and inevitably adopts new frameworks. One of the most radical changes that a person experiences is the transformation of beliefs and the development of a new identity. In this context, Pierre Bourdieu believes that human being is influenced by factors such as the family, the media, and the governing educational system, and thereby acquires and internalizes a set of schemas, dispositions, and habitus. Serving as a reflection of the realities of the world, literature narrates these developments. Joris-Karl Huysmans’s cycle of four novels—Là-bas (1891), En route (1895) and La cathédrale (1898), and L'Oblat (1903)—is a salient instance of this literature. The author seems to represent the course of spiritual transformations of human being in these works. Drawing on Bourdieu's theory, the present research intends to show how the protagonist changes in these narratives.Background: Sociological criticism, as a method for approaching literary works, helps examine the social dimension of a text. Many researchers in this field such as Marcel Mauss and Bernard Lahire have explored habitus as one of the key concepts of this type of criticism. There are many literary works that exhibit the function of habitus. Prominent examples include Lost Illusions (1843) by Honoré Balzac, Man's Fate by André Malraux (1933), and Submission (2015) by Michel Houellebecq. This research analyzes Huysmans’s cycle of four novels to demonstrate the impact of habitus in triggering social and spiritual transformation in a person. By studying the protagonist—who is a consistent character and [seems to be] the author’s alter ego in all four works—and the actions of other characters as well as the impact they exert on him, and finally by citing examples from all four works, we will show how an individual undergoes personal, spiritual, and social changes when placed in different situations and socializing with people from different spectrums. MethodologyAs a way to decode human behavior and development, habitus is an important subject of social studies and has attracted the attention of many researchers. This paper draws on Bourdieu's theory of habitus, which he proposed to decode and interpret individual and social developments. In Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1979), he refers to habitus as a system of practical structures that directs the actions of social agents. In general, habitus means the set of schemas that a person acquires during their lifetime as a result of interaction with different environments. These schemas include how to eat, dress, and socialize, as well as one’s interests and preoccupations, among others. Conclusion:Analyzing Huysmans’s cycle of four novels with the help of Bourdieu's theory showed that the protagonist, Durtal, was transformed under the influence of society and cultural and religious domains as this character develops new habits such as performing religious acts and practicing spiritual meditation. Thus, our analysis highlighted the extent to which one’s identity, beliefs, behavior, and actions are subject to environmental and social conditions, which are marked by interaction with other social agents. Durtal’s interaction with clerics is a conspicuous instance in this regard. Huysmans has carved out the course of his spiritual development by representing himself through Durtal’s personality.