Original Article
Azadeh HAKAMI; Ali Abbassi
Abstract
IntroductionLiterary geography examines geography and literary places in relation to each other. This aspect of thematic criticism tries to examine the relationship between the writer's&the reader's mind with Collot's approach; He believes that the outside narrates the inside. In this research, we ...
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IntroductionLiterary geography examines geography and literary places in relation to each other. This aspect of thematic criticism tries to examine the relationship between the writer's&the reader's mind with Collot's approach; He believes that the outside narrates the inside. In this research, we used Collot's comments to witness the transformation of the city, which has the ability to change the life of the personage. This method believes that hero's counterpart city has an active presence, it is the geography that moves the story towards unraveling the knot Story is impossible without geographical change. In this research, we’ll also examine the cartography&geography of the hero's life.Background of the studyThe emergence of the theory of geographical criticism was due to Westphal. Later, Collot changed the direction of literary geography as a branch of geographical criticism towards fantasy&lived experience. The landscape is one of the areas he’s interested in.Although geography has attracted the attention of writers since the 19th century, scientific studies of literary criticism which have roots in the research of Bachelard, have been continued by Richard, Poulet and others. Moretti, Brosseau&Ferré are contemporary critics who work on this.MethodologyCollot emphasizes a certain convergence between literature&geography: geographers find in literature the best descriptions of the emotional&symbolic relations that unite humans with environment/space&literature. It examines the hero's relationship with the place. Collot believes that there is a direct relationship between the inside, the outside&the inner state of the character is in harmony with the outside environment. The parts of triangle theory are me, the world&the word. He believes that the description of each of these three will help to describe the others.Literary geography emphasizing the space described in literature, is a suitable platform for analyzing a newer aspect of texts that can be useful for literary studies&sociology of literature. The landscape can actually be the place of exchange of human&object states, body&soul states.Cartography is actually a tool to discover&analyze a specific geography in literature&in this article it is used to complete the review. ConclusionMontreal is supposed to be a gateway to a new world for the bride&groom. Although the wedding has been canceled, Julia has come to this city with her father, where a door to a new part of life opens for her; she finds out that the man she loved is still alive. Twenty years ago, Julia, as a young student, went to Paris to continue her studies, but the events in Germany brought her to Berlin; where she meets the greatest love of his life, but Julia's father comes&forcibly returns her to New York. Twenty years later, to make up his behavior, the father tries to bring two lovers together. The route back to Berlin is exactly the same as twenty years ago; As if in order to rebuild or reconnect, you have to go back to the exact point where everything was broken. New York is always the starting point of a trip where many achievements are made. Hero doesn’t go directly from Montreal to Paris. The two first return to New York. In this book, for every task, to solve every problem, you have to go back to the beginning&the roots. Repeating the same route has another similarity with the first trip; In the first time, Julia witnesses an external revolution. In the second time, the revolution takes place within her. The first time, the wall that encloses people in East&West Germany collapses. The second one, the wall of separation between Julia&Thomas is destroyed, so the connection takes place.
Original Article
Yasaman Mokarrami Rostami; Alireza Farahbakhsh
Abstract
Introduction: In Julia Kristeva’s conception of the abject, anything that falls outside the normativity of a dominant system is dubbed as repulsive and deplorable. Abject subjects are the subjects who are rejected by society because of their heterogeneity; ironically, sometimes they resort to crime ...
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Introduction: In Julia Kristeva’s conception of the abject, anything that falls outside the normativity of a dominant system is dubbed as repulsive and deplorable. Abject subjects are the subjects who are rejected by society because of their heterogeneity; ironically, sometimes they resort to crime to get back into the society, but the transgression usually lead to further exclusion and abjection. The present research endeavors to trace and comment on the manifestations of Kristeva’s notion of abjection in Gholam Hossein Saedi’s The Dump (1966) and realize how certain characters of the narrative are abjectified and how they respond to their sense of abjection. Background Studies: There have been only a few studies on Saedi’s The Dump and most of the relevant critical surveys have tried to expose its realistic and naturalistic overtones. In their “Psychological Analysis of Characters of Three Stories from Gholam Hosein Sâedi (Beggar, Destitute, and Garbage Can) According to Karen Horney’s Theory,” Jalil Shakery Jalil and Behnaz Bakhshi focus on social and psychological issues and discuss the detrimental effects of poverty on the life of a number of Saedi’s characters. In her “A Comparison between the Story of Ashghalduni (Dustbin) and the Adapted Movie Dayere-Ye Mina (The Cycle),” Zahra Hayati adopts a sociological critical approach and probes into the impacts of trauma in Saedi’s selected works. In “A Criminological-Victimological Analysis on ‘Dump’ (‘Ashghaldooni’): A Long Symbolic Story by Gholam Hossein Saa’edi,” Mehrdad Rayejian Asli and Ali Molabeigi deal with notions such as delinquency and felony in Saedi’s The Dump, focusing on the close relation between literature and criminology and the formation of identity in light of social interactions. In their “The Visual Capabilities of Gholam Hossein Saedi’s Grave and Cradle in Iranian Cinema,” Fataneh Ghajaghi et al. have delved into the prevalence of social ills and evils in Saedi’s works and inspected the role they play in his characters’ identity crisis.Methodology and Discussion: The present study draws upon Julia Kristeva’s theory of abjection, formulated in her seminal book Powers of Terror: An Essay on Abjection (1982). Abjection blends such notions as power dynamics, linguistics, sociology, and psychoanalysis, and by emphasizing the role of the mother’s body in the formation of the subject’s identity, it also uses feminist concepts and criticizes oppression and patriarchy. This research analyzes the relationship among the society, characters, and language with what is defined and treated as abject in Saedi’s The Dump, highlighting the conflicts between the semiotic and the symbolic in the social context.Conclusion: This Kristevean reading of Saedi’s The Dump reveals that the major characters of the novel are all abjectified by the dominant power dynamics and social normativity. They are marginalized and reduced to non-citizens since they simply cannot climb the social ladder and purge themselves of their socially-imposed manifestations of abjection. Although they are driven by such innate stimuli as instincts of survival and life-force, they fail to return to the security and purity of the symbolic stage (chora or the semiotic space) and all their desperate attempts push them more deeply into depravity and abjection. They even resort to conformity and abject objects, jobs, and lifestyles, but again, what they end up with is nothing but exclusion and alienation. It can be argued that in Saedi’s The Dump, the society as a whole is a dump and the characters of the novel are its abject and foul-smelling garbage. Keywords: Abject, Semiotic Order, Symbolic Order, Kristeva, Saedi, The Dump
Original Article
Hamideh Vesalifallah; Roya Yaghoubi; Seyyed Shahabeddin Sadati
Abstract
Introduction This article examines the issue of consciousness in The Bone Clocks written by David Mitchell as a metamodernist novel. Specifically, this article first defines consciousness and observes the characteristics of the issue of consciousness in this new era. Then, recognizing specific modernist ...
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Introduction This article examines the issue of consciousness in The Bone Clocks written by David Mitchell as a metamodernist novel. Specifically, this article first defines consciousness and observes the characteristics of the issue of consciousness in this new era. Then, recognizing specific modernist and postmodernist characteristics of the researched work, shows how some metamodernist elements, especially in the issue of consciousness, are changed by modernist elements and to what extent these elements fluctuate between modern and postmodern eras. Rereading this novel with a metamodern perspective, the authors prove that, knowing about a person’s previous behavior leads to the prediction of his future behavior, hence, it is easy to gain awareness of his choices, which is the reason consciousness in the characters of this novel is inculcated. In this article, the authors aim to challenge metamodern theory and conclude that in this era, consciousness is predetermined, optional, and inculcated.Background of the Study David Mitchell refuses the old rules and commits to the fact that death is not the end of consciousness; quite contrary, it can emerge as a god-like, incarnated presence in another shape. Sami Paavilanin also insists on this fact in Mitchell’s novel in which he represents beings who are the incarnation of old selves. He claims that the presence of Atemorals and Horologists in this novel can defend the idea that consciousness can be relocated from one body to another. Also, metamodernist writers utilize a kind of stream of pre-consciousness to refer to the characters’ instincts, that they were aware of the consequences even before they commit to action; however, they intend to manipulate this fact. None of the previous studies in the field of metamodernism examined the roots of this pre-consciousness, though this article aims to conceptualize this very fact.Methodology Irma Mayer believes that analyzing a text, a metamodernist must redeploy between modernism and postmodernism, then decide which can offer a better solution to the problem. Oscillating among different poles and recognizing the binaries can help to evaluate the characters’ behaviors regarding consciousness. In the 2010 article ‘Notes on metamodernism’, Vermeulen and Van den Akker argue that metamodernism is a concept which “oscillates” between modernism and postmodernism and they describe it as a “structure of feeling” (101). They state that “metamodernism should be situated epistemologically with (post)modernism, ontologically between (post)modernism, and historically beyond (post)modernism” (101), which suggests that they believe it is possible to go back to modernism, while also acknowledge that modernism is something of the past. Other thoughts such as Bourdieu’s ideas on habitus and the game that each field presents to the characters, as well as Zizek’s idea of the real enlighten how the writer justifies the characters’ consciousness. Conclusion Although the consciousness of the characters in this novel appears forced, at the same time they are considered optional, because the choice is theirs from the very beginning. In this article, it was suggested that in the metamodern era, opposite poles are in flux, and unlike the postmodern era, which considered feelings and emotions to be invalid, the current era has put the mental position of the characters in relation to each other and wants to be emotional and arouse emotions. Another point that this work portrayed was that everyone has a version of reality; therefore, the characters reached their mental awareness according to what was objective for them. The external events are not unaffected and in fact, it is the external events that control the consciousness, though, at the same time it is an internal and instinctive consciousness. This pendulum-like swing between polar opposites aptly captures the mutual characteristics of both/neither dynamic.
Original Article
Narges Raoufzadeh; Razieh Eslamieh; Morteza Lak
Abstract
Introduction: Man’s intimacy with nature serves as a necessary factor to maintain mental health in order to treat his trauma, and this issue has long been the focus of discussion for many thinkers and critics. Various viewpoints regarding the relationship between man, nature and natural phenomena ...
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Introduction: Man’s intimacy with nature serves as a necessary factor to maintain mental health in order to treat his trauma, and this issue has long been the focus of discussion for many thinkers and critics. Various viewpoints regarding the relationship between man, nature and natural phenomena have created different approaches which have expanded from ecocriticism, ecopsychology to anthropocentrism and biocentrism. The ecopsychological approach, which is an interdisciplinary perspective in the field of ecological science and philosophy, was first proposed by Theodore Roszak. With regards to the current abnormal relationship between human and nature, Roszak emphasizes the contribution of psychology in the understanding and development of this widespread pathology to provide individual and collective treatment. By adopting the ecopsychological approach, the present study examines the mental-psychological damage resulting from urbanization and industrial life in Harriette Simpson’s The Dollmaker (1954). The article analyzes the novel’s main character, Gertrude Neval, and her children Reuben and Cassie Marine, based on the consequences of the trauma of separation from nature and its post-traumatic stress disorder. By linking psychotherapy and psychopathology with nature, the research aims to bring key concepts such as ecotherapy, eco-psychotherapy and eco-psychopathology, proposed by Linda Buzzel and Ralph Metzner, into literature for the first time. Therefore, a new integrated perspective which aims to disclose the consequences of the separation of human connection with nature in recent times and its repercussions on man’s soul is discussed for the first time in this study. In addition, while emphasizing the harmony between man and nature, the researchers also note the positive and negative effects of the closeness and distance between man and nature in the research.Background of the Study: A revision of what has already been done indicates that Harriette Simpsons Arnow’s trilogy including Mountain Path (1936), Hunter’s Horn (1949) and The Dollmaker (1954) have attracted very little critical attention in the form of essays, articles, books and theses. Despite the few researches which have examined Simpson’s works, so far, no research related to the subject of this article has been published. Therefore, while confirming the innovation and freshness of the upcoming study, researchers have faced new challenges. The present study intends to examine The Dollmaker for the first time by applying the ecopsychological approach and the key concepts of ecotherapy, eco-psychotherapy, eco-psychopathology. So far, no study has examined Simpson’s works based on the ecopsychological approach. Nicole Crockett in Of This Ground: Land as Refuge (2012), studies the novels, short stories and memoirs of three female writers including: Simpson, Mason, and Kingsolver whose works strongly reflect women’s feelings and connection to the land and nature of Appalachia. She believes that these novelists offer a possible solution to modern women’s concerns, and that is the connection to the land as a refuge. Interacting the land as a refuge creates a sense of calmness and satisfaction which endow special power to these novelists. Whether the characters live in nature or decide to stay in close contact with it and the environment gives them the power and ability to move forward when faced with hardships. She has divided the research into two parts. The first part includes an overview of ecofeminist literary criticism, a discussion of regionalism and an exploration of modern women’s history, while the second part depicts primary texts and their critical interpretations. Women always present their unique concerns in their works and evaluate the dominant views at the social and local levels in new ways and new times. Therefore, literary ideas that originate from the roots and identity of a writer retain their own power. This Study confirms the relevance of regionalism in the twenty-first century, and is an overview of ecofeminist literary criticism, regionalism and an exploration of modern women’s history. Reynolds in Speaking Out: Class, Race and Gender (2008), investigates the social issues during the period of a national turmoil in the United States. She examines Stuart, Kelly and Simpson’s selected works, based on class, gender and race. These works give voice to people who have always been ignored; namely, the poor, women, the non-whites who have been oppressed in a patriarchal and capitalist society that favors whites. At the beginning of each chapter, the research has an overview of history that scrutinizes the details of the daily life of the characters through literary analysis and shows the relationship between the cultural and historical events of the selected works. In the second chapter, Reynolds analyzes Stuart’s writings which use humor to depict a wide range of classes and ethnicities to challenge social reform and technological advances. In the third chapter, she analyzes Kelly’s novel, Weeds (1923). The fourth chapter begins with a review of a quarter of a century after World War I, and then depicts the Depression and World War II. In this chapter, the researcher analyzes Harriette Simpson’s The Dollmaker (1954) and shows the effects of economic problems on the family life of a woman who is forced to leave the Appalachian Mountains for a better life in the industrial city of Detroit. While focusing on American Literature, this dissertation inspects race, class discrimination, working class issues, concerns and problems of women in the American society in the selected works of the prominent novelists. Haeja K. Chung’s Harriette Simpson Arnow: Critical Essays on Her Work (1995), is a re-examination of a powerful and lesser-known American author. This collection of critical essays examines new and traditional interpretations of Simpson’s work and offers new perspectives on them. The book consists of three chapters: Arnow’s life and the critics, individual fiction, authorial views. Each chapter contains several sections. The first chapter, which includes Simpson’s personal life, is an attempt to persuade scholars to further study her published, unpublished, fiction and non-fiction works. This section contains a number of critical perspectives of Harriette Simpson Arnow as a regionalist, a social-historian, a humanist, a naturalist and a feminist up to 1980. It includes seven articles from different scholars and examines her life as a writer, her acquaintance with Harold Arnow, their marriage, artistic vision, Simpson’s chronicles of destruction, her Kentucky novels and social histories.Methodology: The theoretical foundations of the current research are based on the ecopsychological approach, which studies literary works from the perspective of man’s connection with nature and the psychological effects of this union. Environmental damages and mental-psychological problems resulting from it, in different eras have marked a deep tragedy for humans and led to the formation of a new approach, called ecopsychology. For the first time, Theodore Roszak introduces ecopsychology as a concept in The Voice of the Earth (1992). With great clarity and eloquence, Roszak tried to prove the old idea that the separation of mind and nature is impossible. Ecopsychology is an approach which is formed by mixing and expanding psychology and ecology. The immediate expansion of the approach indicates its importance in the analysis of various issues relating the lives of all species as well as the lives of our only green planet. Emphasizing the relationship between humans and other species and the ecosystem, ecopsychology redefines psychology in a way that includes psychological phenomena, social relationships, and connection with nature. Ecopsychology, while emphasizing the mutual dependence of all life on the earth, considers the disconnection of psychological connection with the earth to help increase psychological suffering. This study is based on the ecopsychological approach and a synthesis of theories and key concepts of ecotherapy, eco-psychotherapy and eco-psychopathology. While providing a suitable platform for examining Simpson’s The Dollmaker, the research reveals new layers of unexplored meanings in this novel. Based on the ecopsychological approach and the works of Ralph Metzner entitled Green Psychology (1999), as well as the influential work of Linda Buzzel Ecotherapy (2009), the research presents a new theoretical framework and examines the mental-psychological tensions and trauma caused alienation from nature.Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, now a new reading can be introduced for the study of The Dollmaker (`954), by Harriette Simpson. By combining the key concepts of psychotherapy and psychopathology with nature or “eco”, researchers have invented a new theoretical model for the first time to study environmental literary works. In The Dollmaker, Simpson portrays the contrast of two views: modern and rural. Modern urban life and the influence of technology have reduced or cut off human contact with nature, while rural life brings mental and emotional peace with itself. The study employs this approach as an exploratory strategy and considers the effects of the chasm between man and nature while emphasizing the consequences it has on the quality of man’s life. Researchers have introduced nature as a rich supportive environment in psychotherapy and psychopathology. By connecting these two key concepts with nature they have introduced eco-psychotherapy and eco-psychopathology to literature and have studied Harriette Simpson’s novel The Dollmaker. The research intends to display the significant role that nature possesses in psychotherapy.
Original Article
Shahrzad Mohammad Hosein; Hoda Shabrang
Abstract
Introduction: Although there are propitious merits to poetry galore, few would suggest it as a means for the exemplification of critical theories. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of human sciences, there exists a reciprocal connection between findings in literature which will aid critiques to illustrate ...
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Introduction: Although there are propitious merits to poetry galore, few would suggest it as a means for the exemplification of critical theories. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of human sciences, there exists a reciprocal connection between findings in literature which will aid critiques to illustrate the veracity of their theories. Black poetry stands out as a favorable example of how the dialectics of power domination circulates within a society, not perpetually residing with the supremacy. The following paper elaborates on Foucault’s well-known power/knowledge critical theory by focusing on co-textual influences and presents a discussion exemplified in Mari Evans’ anthologized poem, “When in Rome”.Background of the Study: Regardless of Mari Evans’ authenticity, inadequate attention has been paid to her work in the form of critical analysis. Considering all its merits, her poetry deserves to be noticed all the more since as a committed poet, Evans is true to the principles of Black Art which demands of its followers to support issues concerning the Black minority. In this regard, Evans’ poetry outstands the works of her peers. Controversial instances, which have often been challenged in the crucible of critical thought, may need to be exemplified for the sake of elucidation. Hayden White’s insistence that events be narrated according to the survey of causes and effects and Foucault’s theory of power/knowledge circulation serve as the critical backbone of the present study. This paper aims to illustrate how Mari Evans’ selected poem, as a complement to Foucault’s theory and White’s approach to the study of history, tends to display that the circulation of power within a given society is not transferred hierarchically but rather promulgates dialectically, as defined by historiography, from one agent to another based on an imbalance in knowledge possession. Historically, it has always been assumed that the white supremacy has domination over the black minority, given that it has full grasp of knowledge, and this is exactly the presumption that is challenged in Foucault’s theory. “When in Rome” provides adequate ground in support of the theory and exhibits how common thought about domination of power and the elements which contribute to the existing functional contradictions within social relationships can be challenged. Furthermore, the poem provides sound context to question the historically presumption of alleged superiority for the White. Methodology: Foucault emphasizes on several points when he presented his power/knowledge theory. First, he stipulates that power and knowledge are integral parts of man’s existence and accentuates their interrelationship. Second, he defines certain characteristics for power, namely that it is not transmitted in a structure of levelized arrangement but circulates uninhibitedly among agents and last, that power cannot exist without resistance. White emphasizes the requirement of seeking causes and effects behind the occurrence of events, particularly to explain existing conflicts. The poem and the theories complement each other by presenting a clear and comprehensible illustration of critical-literary notions.Conclusion: The application of Foucault’s theory to Evans’ poem, “When in Rome”, and investigating the causes and effects which initiate the circulation, demonstrate the qualities attributed to power, knowledge and their interrelated connection. As observed in the poem, a member of the working class is caught in the dialectical circulation of power by her employer who represents supremacy. Through knowledge and by exerting resistance, the dominated individual orients power in her own direction and avoids imposition. The poem is a revealing piece of literary work exemplifying the highlights of historical-literary reciprocity to perfection.
Original Article
Seyed jalal emam
Abstract
IntrodutionTao Yuanming, a 5th century Chinese poet, is known as the founder of the "Garden Alley" poem. He wrote down the issues and problems of the society and of course his mental states with a simple and of course frank literature, which has a great contribution in presenting a picture of the social ...
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IntrodutionTao Yuanming, a 5th century Chinese poet, is known as the founder of the "Garden Alley" poem. He wrote down the issues and problems of the society and of course his mental states with a simple and of course frank literature, which has a great contribution in presenting a picture of the social history of his time. The poems of this stylish poet have greatly influenced the culture and especially the literature of China after him. Among his poems, there are concepts and values such as turning away from the world, turning your back on politics, enjoying nature, being content with living in poverty, and ideals such as a society without coercion and superiority. Apart from this, he left some poems with a multi-layered meaning and with hidden and confused concepts, which have led to various evaluations by literary scholars. There are different views about his worldly lifestyle; Although his poor lifestyle is not much approved by critics, his values and ideals have been praised and are considered.Background StudiesIt seems that the writing in front of you is one of the first writings that examines Tao Yuan Ming's poems in Persian and from the perspective of Iranian culture. Although Chinese literary scholars have examined the poems and life of this poet from different perspectives, and of course it has been very helpful in organizing this research, but the name, poems and thoughts of this famous Chinese poet still do not have a place among Persian texts. Zain hopes that this article will open a window for Chinese scholars, especially in the field of culture and history of this country.From the point of view of Chinese researchers, the most important feature of Tao Yuanming's poems is their simplicity and at the same time they have a deep meaning - sometimes his words can appear as a philosophical point of view.MethodologyThis article is written based on text and content analysis with a historical approach. Poetry can be analyzed in different ways, and in this text, according to the time conditions of the poet and his beliefs, an attempt has been made to examine the vocabulary of the poemConclusionTao Yuanming is considered a special poet in the history of China. Some researchers raise his status as a philosopher and belive he was the owner of certain philosophical thoughts and worldview. It seems should be more careful to find the hidden layers of knowledge and insight in his poems.There are less than fifty poems left by this eloquent poet. However, some of his compositions have conflicting meanings. For example, the literary prose of "Xiann qing Fu" in which he proposed ten completely imaginary wishes. Chinese researchers have two completely different opinions about this work. Some say it is a simple love and some believe that this prose has deep mystical meanings.There is no doubt that Tao Yuanming left politics for some reasons, and he chose a simple life style. We can see He has introduced a worldly lifestyle.It can even be said that he set an model in this field. Iranian poet Saadi also has a poem in this context, which warns that a person should be content Be content with a simple life does not bow down to others.It can also be said that when city life are boring, you can leave its comforts and choose a peaceful life in smal village.
Original Article
Saeede Mazloumian; Fazel Asadi Amjad
Abstract
Introduction: In the power structure, the ideological anxiety of the subversive forces is such that its owners do their best to subdue the subversive forces and destroy their legitimacy in the power scene. As much as the ideology reproduces itself at every moment, the subversive forces are also ...
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Introduction: In the power structure, the ideological anxiety of the subversive forces is such that its owners do their best to subdue the subversive forces and destroy their legitimacy in the power scene. As much as the ideology reproduces itself at every moment, the subversive forces are also mocked to make their seizure of power appear illegitimate. Subversive forces are depicted in a situation where they are unable to maintain the power and the order of affairs, and the only solution is to destroy them and restore the previous order of affairs. One of the benefits of literary works is that they are cultural narratives to show the conflict of power, whose representation reaches its peak in epic and tragic genres. The stories of King Lear and “Fereydoun and his Sons”, Hamlet and “Kay Khosrow” are good grounds for comparative analysis of the tension in power and subversion. Demonstrating them and their resolutions often prevents their occurrence in reality.Background of the Study: Gender, race and social class are the subject of studies that have examined the plays from 'the other' point of view. For example, numerous studies have been conducted on Shakespeare's works for gender and race (Callaghan, 2000), the status of women (Kemp, 2010), ideology and 'the other' (Henderson, 2008; Hawkes, 1996; Drakaki, 1985), etc. Of course, they lack a comparative view. Similar studies have been done about the Shahnameh, but they also do not have a comparative view. Recently, attention has been directed towards doing comparative studies between Shakespeare's and Ferdowsi's works, especially the tragic parts. Despite the tragedy-oriented and comparative studies, the place of Marxist studies seems to be few among the articles. Among this collection of articles, a comparative research with the view of cultural materialists on works was not observed. Therefore, the present research, while benefiting from the results of the articles, adds a new chapter to them.Methodology: Cultural materialism along with the comparative method compares the ideological anxieties in the power structure. Narratives in cultural materialism are a part of the cultural history of nations and intertwined with other literary and non-literary narratives. In this approach, as much as it is possible to reconstruct and recognize the facts related to the narratives, it is also possible to change and observe the changes made. For example, the status of 'the other' in race, gender and social class shows how the culture of 'the other' and 'the same' have changed since the writing of the work. On the one hand, cultural materialism examines challenges and faults and shows that power is not unified and is always subject to threats. These threats force the power to use any means, ideological (ISA) or repressive (RSA) for its survival and legitimacy. On the other hand, it goes beyond the current level of consciousness. Conclusion: This research shows that the power uses every mechanism and deceitful trick to maintain its survival. The evidences in the selected works show how subcultures and Others existed in the power structure. While writing and protecting the myths and cultures of their time, both of Shakespeare and Ferdowsi displayed the differences, gaps and the possibility of change in the opportunities they encountered. The evidence of this comparative analysis shows that there is a significant similarity between the components of ideological anxieties in these tragic works, which connects the literature of the East with the literature of the West.
Original Article
mohamd reza salehi mazandarani; ghodrat ghasemipour; nasrin gobanchi
Abstract
IntroductionThe theme of some of the contemporary Iranian and South American novels has the potential to depict the archetype the hero's journey. The role of the hero's journey archetype in the works of these regions' authors, been manifested to a great extent due to the similarity of their political ...
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IntroductionThe theme of some of the contemporary Iranian and South American novels has the potential to depict the archetype the hero's journey. The role of the hero's journey archetype in the works of these regions' authors, been manifested to a great extent due to the similarity of their political and revolutionary atmosphere. The archetype in modern Iranian novels is a reflection of ancient mythology; writers such as Sadeq Hedayat, Simin Daneshvar, Bahram Sadeqi, Qazaleh Alizadeh and others, have exploited archetypes in their works, novels of Fuentes, Márquez, Lluçà and particularly Isabel Allende, are incredibly mixed with myths and archetypes. So much so that Iranian and South American writers express the revolutionary, social and individual themes and even the contemporary problems of their societies in the shadow of archetypal actions and especially the archetypal travel. Writers of these two regions try to adopt heroic people in their stories to show benevolent and good-thinking ideas. These characters, sometimes according to the three stages of the hero's journey; the separation or departure, honor and return of the hero, appear in the role of warrior, saint, lover or despotic emperor. MethodologyFor this research, the analytical-comparative method is employed, which is conducted by analysis of Iranian and Southern American novels and, using library sources. Our research is based on mythological criticism and emphasis on the opinions of Jung, Campbell and Vogler in the field of the active roles of the archetypal hero and his/her journey in the formation of literary works. BackgroundEach one of the novels reviewed in this article, has been analyzed from the point of view of the hero's journey archetype. Mohammad Ali Atesh Soda and Azam Tavaloli have dedicated the article "Comparative review of the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude and the novel the Mourners of Bayal" to the comparative review of these two novels. In the article entitled " Examining the heroic journey of the character in Blind Owl by relying on the archetypes of awakening the inner hero" written by Majid Sarmadi et al., the novel Blind Owl and Prince Ihtejaab are analysed on the basis of intellectual foundations of Carol Pearson and Hugh K. Marr. In the article "Evolution of Wahhab's character in the context of love in the story of the House of Idrisi based on the model of Joseph Campbell's hero's journey" written by Roya Yadalhi Shah-rah, attention is paid to Wahhab's character by considering the model of Campbell's hero's journey. In the "Analysis of the structure of the novel (I turn off the lights) article, based on the archetype of the hero's journey" written by Afsaneh Hassanzadeh Dastjerdi, this novel is analysed according to Vogler's archetype of the hero's journey. ConclusionThe archetypal concept of hero and anti-hero as two fictional characters in Iranian and South American novels may be reviewed. Yusof, Qobad and Alba as warrior heroes, Blind Owl narrator, Morgan, Santiago, Philip and Wahhab appear as beloved characters. Esteban Trueba, Trujillo and Dr. Hatem appear as heroes in the role of the despotic emperor. In general, the mythological action of the hero and the various roles of the hero, such as warrior, saint and despotic emperor, have a similar function in the novels of the two regions, and the role of anti-heroes and the hero as a lover is more obvious in South American novels.
Original Article
Mahshid Namjoo; leila Baradaran Jamili
Abstract
Introduction: This research aims to investigate the role of geo-sociocultural liminality in the reconstruction of subjectivity and show how it can persuade a person to create a liminal ‘Self’ which eventually leads to the creation of mental space and memory narrative. The theoretical frameworks ...
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Introduction: This research aims to investigate the role of geo-sociocultural liminality in the reconstruction of subjectivity and show how it can persuade a person to create a liminal ‘Self’ which eventually leads to the creation of mental space and memory narrative. The theoretical frameworks which are mainly based on Henri Lefebvre’s theories of space and Victor Witter Turner’s theory of liminality are applied to Goli Targhi’s Two Worlds.Background of Study: This article focuses on Two Worlds and it is designed to study it by demonstrating the geo-sociocultural effects on subjectivity reformation. It shows that memory narrative can be viewed as a reaction to those effects on subjectivity representation and ‘Self-superimposition’. ‘Self-perception’ is categorized in three levels: ‘Self’ in the pre-liminal level, ‘Self’ in liminal status, and ‘Self’ in the post-liminal stage. Two Worlds shows not only the effects of spatiality on construction of ‘Self’ but also the unreliability of subjective truth and memories. Moreover, visualization of memories can be the product of mental space which the character uses it as a power to regain her lost subjectivity. Two Worlds portrays the attempts of an immigrant in the assimilation process; when the immigrant has to produce different ‘Self-images’, the superimposition of those images may result in the creation of mental geography because there should be a space to store the homeland’s images and memories. If the narrator cannot be involved in the act of communication and interaction, she has to find a way to reveal herself. In Two Worlds, writing is helpful in the process of ‘Self-assessment’ and ‘Self-healing’; it is a transition from liminality to post-liminality.Methodology: The present study applies an interdisciplinary approach that integrates perspectives from different fields of knowledge; i.e., geography, sociology, and culture. While Lefebvre’s theories of space are used to emphasize the role of spatiality in the reconstruction of subjectivity, Turner’s theory of liminality is used to explain how geo-sociocultural in-betweenness causes ‘Self-liminality’. Through this interdisciplinary study, memory narrative is introduced as a means to help the reconstruction of subjectivity and the reconciliation between different ‘Self-images’. In other words, Henri Lefebvre’s theories of triad spaces is used to analyze the role of everyday rituals in both spatial understanding and ‘Self-perception’; the ‘Self’ is affected when the spatial representations cannot be matched with personal preferences and choices. The discrepancies between different ‘Self-images’ may result in the experience of liminality in all aspects of life; the concept of liminal subjectivity intersects with geo-sociocultural mourning and memory narrative which can be the product of culture and spatiality.Conclusion: Two Worlds offers a site to study the dynamic relations between geo-sociocultural factors and subjectivity which use the memory narrative to find a connection between the ‘Self’ images in the mental space and the ‘Self’ images in public spaces. Studying Two Worlds shows that not only liminality has both spatial and temporal dimensions and can affect the process of ‘Self-reconstruction’ but it can also influence the assimilation and psychological well-being of immigrants in host countries. Experiencing ‘Self-liminality’ makes the immigrants aware of their objectification and subordination processes; they are spatial users whose roles are to improve spatial growth. This objectification is a sort of permission to be in public spaces and participate in daily rituals.