A Cross-Cultural Study of Iranian EFL Learners and Native Speakers of English Perceptions of Impoliteness in Apologies: The Role of Language Proficiency and Gender

مقالات آماده انتشار

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار آموزش زبان انگلیسی، گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری زبانشناسی کاربردی، گروه زبان های مدرن و مطالعات فرهنگی، دانشگاه آلبرتا، ادمونتون، آلبرتا، کانادا

چکیده

This study investigated the extent to which Iranian English language learners’ proficiency (B1 and B2) and gender influence their perceptions of impoliteness in situations requiring an apology. It also examined potential differences in the use of apology strategies between Iranian EFL learners and native English speakers. A total of 122 Iranian language learners and 31 native speakers of English participated in the study by completing an eight-item Discourse Completion Task (DCT) designed to elicit evaluations of apology scenarios and strategy preferences. Statistical analyses revealed case-specific differences across scenarios; however, no overall significant difference was found between B1 and B2 learners in their perception of impoliteness compared to native English speakers. Similarly, gender did not exert a statistically significant effect on participants’ judgments. A comparative analysis further showed that learners and native English speakers employed largely similar apology strategies across contexts. These findings suggest that language learners' perceptions of impoliteness may not strongly depend on proficiency level or gender. These findings carry pedagogical implications for classroom instruction, particularly the need for early, explicit, and context-sensitive instruction that goes beyond linguistic forms to address how factors such as power, social distance, and imposition shape evaluations of impoliteness.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Cross-Cultural Study of Iranian EFL Learners and Native Speakers of English Perceptions of Impoliteness in Apologies: The Role of Language Proficiency and Gender

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Reza Anani Sarab 1
  • Amir Hossein Firoozkohi 2
1 Associate Professor of TEFL, Department of English Language & Literature, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD candidate in Applied Linguistics, Department of Modern Languages & Cultural Studies, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
چکیده [English]

This study investigated the extent to which Iranian English language learners’ proficiency (B1 and B2) and gender influence their perceptions of impoliteness in situations requiring an apology. It also examined potential differences in the use of apology strategies between Iranian EFL learners and native English speakers. A total of 122 Iranian language learners and 31 native speakers of English participated in the study by completing an eight-item Discourse Completion Task (DCT) designed to elicit evaluations of apology scenarios and strategy preferences. Statistical analyses revealed case-specific differences across scenarios; however, no overall significant difference was found between B1 and B2 learners in their perception of impoliteness compared to native English speakers. Similarly, gender did not exert a statistically significant effect on participants’ judgments. A comparative analysis further showed that learners and native English speakers employed largely similar apology strategies across contexts. These findings suggest that language learners' perceptions of impoliteness may not strongly depend on proficiency level or gender. These findings carry pedagogical implications for classroom instruction, particularly the need for early, explicit, and context-sensitive instruction that goes beyond linguistic forms to address how factors such as power, social distance, and imposition shape evaluations of impoliteness.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • intercultural pragmatics
  • impoliteness
  • language proficiency
  • apology strategies
  • gender

مراجع

Abedi, Elham. 2016. “A Cross-Cultural Comparative Study of Apology Strategies Employed by Iranian EFL Learners and English Native Speakers.” Advances in Language and Literary Studies 7 (5): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.5p.35.
Adel, Seyyed Mohammad Reza, Mohammad Davoudi, and Akram Ramezanzadeh. 2016. “A Qualitative Study of Politeness Strategies Used by Iranian EFL Learners in a Class Blog.” Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research 4 (1): 47–62.
Afghari, Akbar. 2007. “A Sociopragmatic Study of Apology Speech Act Realization Patterns in Persian.” Speech Communication 49 (3): 177–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2007.01.003.
Ahmadian, Mohammad Javad, and Hossein Vahid Dastjerdi. 2010. “A Comparative Study of Perception of Politeness of American Reprimands by Iranian EFL Learners and Americans.” The Social Sciences 5 (4): 359–63.
Al-Harbi, Hamzeh Mohammad, and Omer Hassan Ali Mahfoodh. 2021. “The Production and Comprehension of Apology Strategies: Effects of English Language Proficiency.” Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 17 (Special Issue 1): 69–85.
Ary, Donald, Lucy C. Jacobs, Christine K. S. Irvine, and David Walker. 2018. Introduction to Research in Education. 10th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Aysu, Semahat. 2025. “Exploring the Relationship between Receptive and Productive Skills in EFL Test Performance: Evidence from a Turkish Preparatory Class Context of a State University in Türkiye.” Asya Studies 9 (33): 239–52. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1653483.
Aufa, Fauzul. 2012. “The Assessment Tool of L2 Learners’ Pragmatic Competence: Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT).” Journal of English and Education 6 (1): 41–44.
Bagherinejad, Issa, and Mohammad Reza Jadidoleslam. 2015. “On the Use of Apology Strategies by Iranian EFL Learners: Do Gender and Proficiency Level Matter?” Theory and Practice in Language Studies 5 (6): 1263. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0506.20.
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, and Robert Griffin. 2005. “L2 Pragmatic Awareness: Evidence from the ESL Classroom.” System 33 (3): 401–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2005.06.004.
Barnlund, Dean C., and Miho Yoshioka. 1990. “Apologies: Japanese and American Styles.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 14 (2): 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(90)90005-H.
Bataineh, Rula Fahmi, Ruba F. Bataineh, and Lara K. Andraws. 2023. “How Polite Can Impoliteness Be? A Jordanian Gendered Perspective.” Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, December 19, 16–28. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1740.
Beebe, Leslie M., and Martha Clark Cummings. 2006. “Natural Speech Act Data versus Written Questionnaire Data: How Data Collection Method Affects Speech Act Performance.” In Speech Acts Across Cultures, edited by Susan M. Gass and Joyce Neu. Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219289.1.65.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. 1982. “Learning to Say What You Mean in a Second Language: A Study of the Speech Act Performance of Learners of Hebrew as a Second Language.” Applied Linguistics III (1): 29–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/III.1.29.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper. 1989. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, and Elite. Olshtain. 1984. “Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1.” Applied Linguistics 5 (3): 196–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/5.3.196.
Bousfield, Derek. 2008. Impoliteness in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Canale, Michael, and Merrill Swain. 1980. “Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing.” Applied Linguistics 1: 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/I.1.1.
Chang, Wei-Lin. 2008. “Australian and Chinese perceptions of (Im)Politeness in an Intercultural Apology.” Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication: 59–74. https://hdl.handle.net/10779/uow.27714456.v1
Chang, Wei-Lin Melody, and Michael Haugh. 2011. “Evaluations of Im/Politeness of an Intercultural Apology.” Intercultural Pragmatics 8 (3): 411–442. https://doi.org/10.1515/iprg.2011.019.
Cohen, Andrew D. 1995. “Speech Acts.” In Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, edited by Sandra Lee McKay and Nancy H. Hornberger, 383–420. Cambridge Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, Andrew D., and Elite Olshtain. 1981. “Developing a Measure of Sociocultural Competence: The Case of Apology.” Language Learning 31 (1): 113–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1981.tb01375.x.
Council of Europe. 2001. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Council of Europe. 2020. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment – Companion Volume. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. www.coe.int/lang-cefr.
Culpeper, Jonathan. 2008. “Reflections on Impoliteness, Relational Work and Power.” In Impoliteness in Language: Studies on Its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice, edited by Derek Bousfield and Miriam A. Locher, 17–44. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Culpeper, Jonathan. 2011. “‘It’s Not What You Said, It’s How You Said It!’ Prosody and Impoliteness.” In Discursive Approaches to Politeness, edited by Linguistic Politeness Research Group, 57–84. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110238679.57.
Culpeper, Jonathan, and Claire Hardaker. 2017. “Impoliteness.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)Politeness, edited by Jonathan Culpeper, Michael Haugh, and Dániel Z. Kádár, 199–225. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-37508-7_9.
Dashti Khavidaki, Mansooreh. 2023. “The Interplay of Contextual Variables and Language Proficiency in Request Realization.” Sage Open 13 (4): 21582440231220457. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231220457.
Delen, Büşra, and Zekiye Müge Tavil. 2010. “Evaluation of Four Coursebooks in Terms of Three Speech Acts: Requests, Refusals and Complaints.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 9: 692–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.219.
O’Driscoll, Aoife, and Alan F. Blackwell. 2025. “Social Norms, Social AI: Investigating the Effects of AI (Im)Politeness and Gender on User Perception.” Paper presented at 38th International BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference. https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/BCSHCI2025.66.
Eelen, Gino. 2001. A Critique of Politeness Theory. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315760179.
Farashaiyan, Atieh, and Kim Hua Tan. 2012. “On the Relationship Between Pragmatic Knowledge and Language Proficiency.” 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 18 (1): 33–46.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. César, and Gerrard Mugford. 2017. “(Im)Politeness: Learning and Teaching.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)Politeness, edited by Jonathan Culpeper, Michael Haugh, and Dániel Z. Kádár, 489–516. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-37508-7_19.
Fraser, Bruce. 1990. “Perspectives on Politeness.” Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2): 219–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-N.
Gharaghani, Zahra, Abbas Eslami Rasekh, Azizollah Dabaghi, and Iman Tohidian. 2011. “Effect of Gender on Politeness Strategies in Greetings.” Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 6 (3): 93–117.
Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Griffith, W. I., and Hye-Yeon Lim. 2024. “Teaching Intercultural Communicative Competence in the Foreign Language Classroom.” Mextesol Journal 48 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.61871/mj.v48n1-13
Haider, Iftikhar, and Hamed Zandi. 2022. “In My Professor’s Eyes: Faculty and Perceived Impoliteness in Student Emails.” Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 18 (1): 197–222. https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2022-0009.
Harlow, Linda L. 1990. “Do They Mean What They Say? Sociopragmatic Competence and Second Language Learners.” The Modern Language Journal 74 (3): 328–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1990.tb01070.x.
Haugh, Michael. 2024. “(Im)Politeness as Object, (Im)Politeness as Perspective.” Journal of Politeness Research 20 (1): 201–26. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2023-0082.
Haugh, Michael, and Wei-Lin Melody Chang. 2019. “‘The Apology Seemed (in)Sincere’: Variability in Perceptions of (Im)Politeness.” Journal of Pragmatics 142 (March): 207–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.11.022.
Hoffman-Hicks, Sheila. 1992. “Linguistic and Pragmatic Competence: Their Relationship in the Overall Competence of the Language Learner.” Pragmatics and Language Learning 3: 66−80.
House, Juliane, and Dániel Z. Kádár. 2021. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108954587.
Jin, Jing, Yang Yang, and Jieun Lee. 2025. “Assessing Pragmatic Comprehension Competence in Chinese as a Second/Foreign Language: From the Perspective of Speech Acts in Chinese.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 35 (4): 2183–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12762.
Kasper, Gabriele. 1997. “The Role of Pragmatics in Language Teacher Education.” In Beyond Methods: Components of Language Teacher Education, edited by K. Bardovi-Harlig and B. Hartford, 113−136. New York: McGraw-Hill
Kasper, Gabriele, and Shoshana Blum-Kulka. 1993. “Interlanguage pragmatics: An introduction.” In Interlanguage Pragmatics, edited by Gabriele Kasper and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 3–17. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kienpointner, Manfred. 1997. “Varieties of Rudeness: Types and Functions of Impolite Utterances.” Functions of Language 4 (2): 251–87. https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.4.2.05kie.
Kienpointner, Manfred, and Maria Stopfner. 2017. “Ideology and (Im)Politeness.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic (Im)Politeness, edited by Jonathan Culpeper, Michael Haugh, and Dániel Z. Kádár, 61−87. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-37508-7_4.
Khorshidi, Sepideh, Fariba Mobini, and Mahdi Nasiri. 2016. “Iranian English Teaching Applicants’ Request and Apology Speech Acts: Special Focus on Language Proficiency.” Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7 (3): 534 . https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0703.14
Kim, Duk-Young. 2002. A Descriptive Analysis of Korean and English Apologies with Implications for Interlanguage Pragmatics. PhD diss., University of Florida.
Koike, Dale April. 2006. “Transfer of Pragmatic Competence and Suggestions in Spanish Foreign Language Learning.” In Speech Acts Across Cultures, edited by Susan M. Gass and Joyce Neu, 257−281. Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219289.2.257.
Kuhi, Davud, and Mohammad Jadidi. 2012. “A Study of Iranian EFL Learners’ Understanding and Production of Politeness in Three Speech Acts: Request, Refusal, and Apology.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies 2 (12): 2624–33. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.12.2624-2633.
Kwon, Jihyun. 2004. “Expressing Refusals in Korean and in American English.” Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 23 (4): 339–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2004.23.4.339.
Li, Rui, and Raja Rozina Raja Suleiman. 2017. “Language Proficiency and the Speech Act of Complaint of Chinese EFL Learners.” 3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 23 (1): 60–74. https://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2017-2301-05.
Liu, Jianda. 2004. “Measuring Interlanguage Pragmatic Knowledge of EFL Learners.” PhD diss., City University of Hong Kong.
Locher, Miriam A., and Derek Bousfield. 2008. “Introduction: Impoliteness and Power in Language.” In Impoliteness in Language, edited by Derek Bousfield and Miriam A. Locher, 1–13. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Locher, Miriam A., and Richard J. Watts. 2008. “Relational Work and Impoliteness: Negotiating Norms of Linguistic Behaviour.” In Impoliteness in Language, edited by Derek Bousfield and Miriam A. Locher, 77–100. Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110208344.2.77.
McNab, Nicola Claire, and Irini Mavrou. 2025. “How We Are versus How We Are Feeling: The Role of Emotional Intelligence and Mood in Reactions to Impoliteness in L1 and L2.” Journal of Pragmatics 246 (September): 121–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2025.07.001.
Maeshiba, Naoko, Naoko Yoshinaga, Gabriele Kasper, and Steven Ross. 2006. “Transfer and Proficiency in Interlanguage Apologizing.” In Speech Acts Across Cultures, edited by Susan M. Gass and Joyce Neu, 155–190. Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219289.2.155.
Makarla, Pavitra Rao, Gitte Henssel Joergensen, Kendal Brice Tyner, Caroline Sprinkle, and Kathrin Rothermich. 2024. “Differences in Politeness Perception of Irony and Prosocial Lies: Exploring the Role of Age, Gender, and Geographic Location.” Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale 78 (2): 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/cep0000324.
Mills, Sara. 2005. “Gender and Impoliteness.” Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 1 (2): 263–80. https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.2.263.
Mitchell, Nathaniel, and Michael Haugh. 2015. “Agency, Accountability and Evaluations of Impoliteness.” Journal of Politeness Research 11 (2): 207−238. https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2015-0009.
Nguyen, Minh T. T. 2023. “Pragmalinguistics.” In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, 1st ed., edited by Carol A. Chapelle. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0935.pub2.
Nikoobin, Atefeh, and Mohsen Shahrokhi. 2017. “Impoliteness in the Realization of Complaint Speech Acts: A Comparative Study of Iranian EFL Learners and Native English Speakers.” International Journal of English Linguistics 7 (2): 32−51. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n2p32.
Niroomand, Masoumeh. 2012. “An Exploration of Upper-Intermediate Iranian EFL Learners’ Perception of Politeness Strategies and Power Relation in Disagreement.” English Language Teaching 5 (10): 180−191. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v5n10p180.
Nurani, Lusia Marliana. 2009. “Methodological Issue in Pragmatic Research: Is Discourse Completion Test a Reliable Data Collection Instrument?” Jurnal Sosioteknologi 8 (17): 667−678.
Ogiermann, Eva. 2009. “Politeness and In-Directness across Cultures: A Comparison of English, German, Polish and Russian Requests.” Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour, Culture 5 (2). https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2009.011.
Olshtain, Elite. 1989. “Apologies Across Languages.” In Cross-Cultural Pragmatics, edited by Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper, 155–73. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Olshtain, Elite, and Andrew Cohen. 1983. “Apology: A Speech Act Set.” In Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, edited by Nessa Wolfson and Elliot Judd, 18–35. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Rastegar, Sanaz, and Fariba Yasami. 2014. “Iranian EFL Learners’ Proficiency Levels and Their Use of Apology Strategies.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 98 (May): 1535–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.575.
Rattanaprasert, Tawan, and Prachamon Aksornjarung. 2011. “The Study of Relationship Between Learners’ Knowledge About Grammar and Vocabulary and Pragmatic Competence: A Case Study of 1st Year Medical Students.” Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences, Hat Yai, Thailand.
Rubin, Joan. 1983. “How to Tell When Someone is Saying ‘No’ Revisited.” In Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, edited by Nessa Wolfson and Elliot Judd, 10–17. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Sánchez-Hernández, Ariadna, Júlia Barón, and Àngels Llanes. 2024. “The Development of Pragmatic Markers in English as a Second Language: Do Age and Learning Context Matter?” Languages 9 (4): 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9040115.
Shahrokhi, Mohsen, and Jariah Mohd Jan. 2012. “The Realization of Apology Strategies Among Persian Males.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46: 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.183.
Shariati, Mohammad, and Fariba Chamani. 2010. “Apology Strategies in Persian.” Journal of Pragmatics 42 (6): 1689–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2009.10.007.
Sung, Chit Cheung Matthew. 2012. “Exploring the Interplay of Gender, Discourse, and (Im)Politeness.” Journal of Gender Studies 21 (3): 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2012.681179.
Taguchi, Naoko. 2018. “Description and Explanation of Pragmatic Development: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Research.” System 75 (July): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.03.010.
Tajeddin, Zia, Minoo Alemi, and Sajedeh Razzaghi. 2014. “Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Impoliteness by Native English Speakers and EFL Learners: The Case of Apology Speech Act.” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 43 (4): 304–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2014.967279.
Tajeddin, Zia, and Maryam Pezeshki. 2014. “Acquisition of Politeness Markers in an EFL Context: Impact of Input Enhancement and Output Tasks.” RELC Journal 45 (3): 269–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688214555357.
Takahashi, Tomoko, and Leslie M. Beebe. 1993. “Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Speech Act of Correction.” In Interlanguage Pragmatics, edited by Gabriele Kasper and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 138–157. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Talebzadeh, Hossein, and Marzieh Khazraie. 2024. “‘Ignoring the Elephant in the Room’: (Under-)Representation of Impoliteness Phenomenon in Popular ELT Textbooks.” Language Teaching Research 28 (4): 1311–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211029028.
Varghese, Manka, and Kristine Billmyer. 1996. “Investigating the Structure of Discourse Completion Tests.” Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 12 (2): 39-58.
Verhoeven, Ludo, and Anne Vermeer. 2002. “Communicative Competence and Personality Dimensions in First and Second Language Learners.” Applied Psycholinguistics 23 (3): 361–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S014271640200303X.
Wierzbicka, Anna. 2003. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: The Semantics of Human Interaction. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Xiao, Feng. 2015. “Proficiency Effect on L2 Pragmatic Competence”. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 4: 557–581. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=330115
Yang, He, and Zheyu Lian. 2023. “Ideal L2 Self, Self-Efficacy, and Pragmatic Production: The Mediating Role of Willingness to Communicate in Learning English as a Foreign Language.” Behavioral Sciences 13 (7): 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070597.
Zhang, Yiran, and Mostafa Papi. 2021. “Motivation and Second Language Pragmatics: A Regulatory Focus Perspective.” Frontiers in Psychology 12 (October): 753605. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.753605.
نقد زبان و ادبیات خارجی

مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده
انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 12 اردیبهشت 1405

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار