نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده زبانها و ادبیات خارجی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی دانشکده زبانها و ادبیات خارجی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction
This study investigates how mystery and madness in Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven” and Robert Browning’s “Porphyria’s Lover” emerge not as mere psychological traits but as readerly effects produced through poetic structure and interpretive activity. Rather than treating madness as an internal condition, the analysis demonstrates how devices such as repetition, gaps, negation, wandering viewpoint, and monologic narration generate uncertainty and interpretive pressure. Drawing on Wolfgang Iser’s reception aesthetics, the study approaches reading as a dynamic process in which determinate textual cues interact with strategic omissions, prompting inference and continual revision. The central argument is that experiences of mystery and madness are constructed through patterns of cancellation, reconfiguration, and retroactive interpretation embedded in each poem’s formal structure.
Background of the Study
Edgar Allan Poe’s poem “The Raven” occupies a distinctive position among his works both thematically and structurally. Accordingly, a wide range of literary studies have examined this poem from perspectives such as linguistics, Gothic studies, mythology, symbolism, and psychology. Literary critics have long regarded one of the primary reasons for the poem’s acoustic richness as deriving from the technical concept of the “refrain,” that is, the preservation of sound alongside the shifting meanings that the sound generates. Robert Browning is the most famous and influential figure in dramatic monologue in English poetry, to the extent that the term “dramatic monologue” is almost synonymous with his name. Browning’s dramatic monologues have been examined through various theoretical lenses, including psychology, power, crime, the relationship between speaker and listener, silence, and gender relations. Despite the breadth of the existing scholarship on both poems, no critical reading of the poems through Iser’s theories has yet been offered.
Methodology
Iser’s Reception aesthetics provides the theoretical foundation for this study. Iser posits that literary works consist of determinate segments linked by gaps or “blanks”, which require the reader to supply missing connections. These gaps create “negativity”, a force that propels meaning forward through constant hypothesis-making. The study uses a four-stage analytic method designed to trace how meaning develops through reader participation. First, a gap audit identifies instances of withheld information, which create interpretive indeterminacy. Second, a negation trace examines moments where the text cancels earlier possibilities or reverses interpretive expectations, producing the “negativity” central to Iser’s theory. Third, itinerary reconstruction maps the reader’s shifting perspective by analyzing how successive cues reshape initial assumptions. Finally, a constraint test evaluates the plausibility of interpretations for genre-based inference, ensuring that proposed readings remain grounded in textual features. Applied to “The Raven,” this method focuses on the refrain’s shifting semantics and the interplay of anticipation and surprise. For “Porphyria’s Lover,” the analysis emphasizes monologic form, the lack of an external truth-checking voice, and self-exonerating syntactic patterns. Together, these analytical steps reveal how each poem manages the reader’s interpretive trajectory to produce the sensation of mystery and madness.
Conclusion
The findings demonstrate that both poems cultivate their atmosphere of mystery and madness through formal strategies designed to shape the reader’s interpretive labor. In “The Raven,” the refrain acts as a mechanism of iterative cancellation, maintaining sonic stability while compelling semantic readjustment. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” gaps and contradictions embedded in the speaker’s monologue demand active inference and correction. In each case, the psychological effects associated with the poems emerge from the interactive process between text and reader. By foregrounding the role of form and reader participation, the study affirms that the enduring power of these works lies in their ability to orchestrate interpretive uncertainty and emotional intensity.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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