نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• یاسمن مکرمی رستمی ¹
• علیرضا فرح بخش ²

¹ دانشگاه گیلان

² دانشیار زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

هدف جستار حاضر بررسی بازنمایی امرِ آلوده در آشغالدونی غلامحسین ساعدی است. چارچوب نظری این پژوهش برگرفته از قدرت‌های وحشت اثر ژولیا کریستوا است، که محوریت مفهوم امرِ آلوده را در هویت سوژه سخن‌گو شرح می‌دهد. کریستوا بر این باور است که امرِ آلوده طغیانی علیه امرِ نشانه‌ای و مؤکد تأثیر بدن مادر بر شکل‌گیری هویت سوژه است؛ از سوی دیگر، امرِ نمادین بیانگر زبان، فراخود، جامعه، و قانون است. پرسش‌های محوری این پژوهش عبارت‌اند از: مصادیق امرِ آلوده در شخصیت‌ها و جامعه آشغالدونی چه هستند؟ شخصیت‌ها چگونه از خود آلوده زدایی می‌کنند؟ در پاسخ به این پرسش‌ها، نفش‌مایه‌های اصلی آشغالدونی معرفی می‌شوند و با استفاده از تقابل بین محرک‌های مرتبط با غرایز و مرگ در سوژ‌ه آلوده، مصادیق امرِ آلوده و واکنش شخصیت ها به آن و نیز امرِ نمادین بررسی می گردد. این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که جامعه آشغالدونی مملو از مؤلفه‌های آلوده‌ساز است و امرِ نشانه‌ای با محرک‌های مرتبط با مرگ سازوکار امرِ نمادین را مختل مس‌سازد. جامعه به‌مثابه امرِ نمادین، برای حفظ یکپارچگی خود با استفاده از زبان، سوژه‌ای را که نتواند میل آن به قدرت را برآورده ‌سازد، با آلوده سازی و سرکوب به حاشیه می‌راند و سوژه مطرود به واسطه امرِ آلوده و ارتکاب جرم تلاش می‌کند ضمن ستیز با امرِ نشانه‌ای و زیر پا گداشتن تابوهای آن از خود آلوده زدایی کند تا در بطن جامعه باقی بماند. با این حال، شخصیت‌های الوده انگاشته شده نمی‌توانند از خود آلوده زدایی کنند و طبق معیارهای امرِ نمادین، همچنان تبهکار باقی می‌مانند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• امرِ آلوده
• امرِ نشانه‌ای
• امرِ نمادین
• کریستوا
• ساعدی
• و آشغالدونی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Exploring Julia Kristeva’s Theory of Abjection in Gholam Hossein Saedi’s The Dump

نویسندگان [English]

• Yasaman Mokarrami Rostami ¹
• Alireza Farahbakhsh ²

¹ University of Guilan

² Associate Professor in English Language and Literature, University of Guilan

چکیده [English]

Introduction: In Julia Kristeva’s conception of the abject, anything that falls outside the normativity of a dominant system is dubbed as repulsive and deplorable. Abject subjects are the subjects who are rejected by society because of their heterogeneity; ironically, sometimes they resort to crime to get back into the society, but the transgression usually lead to further exclusion and abjection. The present research endeavors to trace and comment on the manifestations of Kristeva’s notion of abjection in Gholam Hossein Saedi’s The Dump (1966) and realize how certain characters of the narrative are abjectified and how they respond to their sense of abjection.
Background Studies: There have been only a few studies on Saedi’s The Dump and most of the relevant critical surveys have tried to expose its realistic and naturalistic overtones. In their “Psychological Analysis of Characters of Three Stories from Gholam Hosein Sâedi (Beggar, Destitute, and Garbage Can) According to Karen Horney’s Theory,” Jalil Shakery Jalil and Behnaz Bakhshi focus on social and psychological issues and discuss the detrimental effects of poverty on the life of a number of Saedi’s characters. In her “A Comparison between the Story of Ashghalduni (Dustbin) and the Adapted Movie Dayere-Ye Mina (The Cycle),” Zahra Hayati adopts a sociological critical approach and probes into the impacts of trauma in Saedi’s selected works. In “A Criminological-Victimological Analysis on ‘Dump’ (‘Ashghaldooni’): A Long Symbolic Story by Gholam Hossein Saa’edi,” Mehrdad Rayejian Asli and Ali Molabeigi deal with notions such as delinquency and felony in Saedi’s The Dump, focusing on the close relation between literature and criminology and the formation of identity in light of social interactions. In their “The Visual Capabilities of Gholam Hossein Saedi’s Grave and Cradle in Iranian Cinema,” Fataneh Ghajaghi et al. have delved into the prevalence of social ills and evils in Saedi’s works and inspected the role they play in his characters’ identity crisis.
Methodology and Discussion: The present study draws upon Julia Kristeva’s theory of abjection, formulated in her seminal book Powers of Terror: An Essay on Abjection (1982). Abjection blends such notions as power dynamics, linguistics, sociology, and psychoanalysis, and by emphasizing the role of the mother’s body in the formation of the subject’s identity, it also uses feminist concepts and criticizes oppression and patriarchy. This research analyzes the relationship among the society, characters, and language with what is defined and treated as abject in Saedi’s The Dump, highlighting the conflicts between the semiotic and the symbolic in the social context.
Conclusion: This Kristevean reading of Saedi’s The Dump reveals that the major characters of the novel are all abjectified by the dominant power dynamics and social normativity. They are marginalized and reduced to non-citizens since they simply cannot climb the social ladder and purge themselves of their socially-imposed manifestations of abjection. Although they are driven by such innate stimuli as instincts of survival and life-force, they fail to return to the security and purity of the symbolic stage (chora or the semiotic space) and all their desperate attempts push them more deeply into depravity and abjection. They even resort to conformity and abject objects, jobs, and lifestyles, but again, what they end up with is nothing but exclusion and alienation. It can be argued that in Saedi’s The Dump, the society as a whole is a dump and the characters of the novel are its abject and foul-smelling garbage.

Keywords: Abject, Semiotic Order, Symbolic Order, Kristeva, Saedi, The Dump

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Abject
• Semiotic Order
• Symbolic Order
• Kristeva
• Saedi
• The Dump