Critical Language and Literary Studies

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری

2 عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

10.52547/clls.18.26.105

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر برآن است تا به‏بررسی بلاغت در شعروادب فارسی و انگلیسی، نحوۀ طبقه‏بندی صنایع ادبی توسط بلاغت‏نویسان معاصر در این دو زبان، و نیز به‏بررسی تطبیقی براعت استهلال و استمداد و تبلور آنها در شاهنامۀ ابوالقاسم فردوسی و بهشت گمشدۀ جان میلتون بپردازد. برای‏این‏منظور، برخی از کتب بلاغیِ معاصرین فارسی و انگلیسی مورد نقد و درخلالِ‏آن آرایه‏های ادبیِ نزدیکی همچون براعت استهلال، استمداد ، آینه‏داری ، تمهید‏مقدّمه ، و التفات مورد مداقّه قرار گرفته‏اند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‏دهد که صنایع ادبی فارسی و انگلیسی همیشه منطبق برهم نیستند و این عدم انطباق به ماهیّت زبان و متن ادبی و تکثّر شیوۀ بیان نزد شاعران و نویسندگان این دو ادبیات بر می‏گردد. همچنین نارسایی و گنگ بودن معادل‏ها و توصیف و مسامحه‏ای که فرهنگ‏نویسان در تبیین صنایع ادبی داشته‏اند بر ابهام مساله افزوده است. علاوه‏بر‏این، اعمال سلیقه در تعاریف و تفاسیر صنایع ازسوی بلاغت‏شناسان انگلیسی و فارسی منجر به ناهماهنگی‏هایی در کتب بلاغیِ هر یک از این زبان‏ها گشته است. شیوۀ به‏کار‏گرفته‏شده در این پژوهش توصیفی-کتابخانه‏ای است؛ نیز با رویکردی تحلیلی تلاش شده است تا دو اثر حماسی مورد بررسی قرار گیرند. همچنین با بهره‏گیری از مکتب آمریکایی در نقد تطبیقی و فارغ از تاثیر‏و‏تاثّر مستقیمِ آثار ادبی از یکدیگر، براعت استهلال و استمداد در شاهنامۀ فردوسی و بهشت گمشدۀ میلتون مورد نقدوبررسی قرار گرفته است تا بتوان زوایای مختلف این آرایه‏های ادبی و نقش دیگر صنایع نزدیک و مرتبط با آن در شعرو‏ادب فارسی و انگلیسی روشن گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

From Persian “Prologue” to English “Invocation”: A Comparative Study of Ferdowsi’ Shahnameh and John Milton’s Paradise Lost

نویسندگان [English]

  • مسلم ذوالفقارخانی 1
  • Mahmood Reza Ghorban Sabbagh 2

1 Hakim Sabzevari University

2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

چکیده [English]

The present study aims at revealing Rhetoric in Persian and English language and literature and discussing its major classifications by rhetoricians, while emphasizing “Prologue” in Shahnameh and “Invocation” in Paradise Lost. To do this, some of the most significant contemporary books on Persian and English Rhetoric and literary devices are analyzed, and simultaneously those approximate literary devices such as Prologue, Invocation, Foreshadowing, Prolepsis and Apostrophe are compared and contrasted. The results of this research indicate that Persian and English literary devices are not always identical while sometimes seem to be incompatible. This incongruity refers to the nature of their languages and literary text along with poets’ methods of utterances and expositions. Further, the vague equivalents and lexicographers’ negligence aggravated such incongruity. The method employed in this research is descriptive and analytical. Besides, the American School of comparative studies in which direct influences are not insisted, are followed in order to reveal Prologue and Invocation in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and John Milton’s Paradise Lost and to identify their approximate literary devices.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Persian Rhetoric
  • English Rhetoric
  • Prologue
  • Invocation
  • Fersdowsi&rsquo
  • s Shahnameh
  • John Milton&rsquo
  • s Paradise Lost
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