Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 A Contrastive Study of Complements in Persian and German Languages A Contrastive Study of Complements in Persian and German Languages 55 70 99890 FA Kavah Bahrami Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences Journal Article 2015 08 28 The present paper is a contrastive analysis of complement clauses in Farsi and German. A complement clause is a type of subordinate clause.Depending on their degree of dependence on the verb, complement clauses in Farsi and German are of different types. This study makes an attempt to illustrate the various kinds of complement clauses and show their position with regard to the matrix clause. The results of this study answer in part the questions raised in this area with regard to learners of both languages.The results show that the position of the verb in complement clauses can bechanged in German; the subject of complement clauses can be omitted in Farsi; and the complementizer can be removed under certain conditions in both languages. The present paper is a contrastive analysis of complement clauses in Farsi and German. A complement clause is a type of subordinate clause.Depending on their degree of dependence on the verb, complement clauses in Farsi and German are of different types. This study makes an attempt to illustrate the various kinds of complement clauses and show their position with regard to the matrix clause. The results of this study answer in part the questions raised in this area with regard to learners of both languages.The results show that the position of the verb in complement clauses can bechanged in German; the subject of complement clauses can be omitted in Farsi; and the complementizer can be removed under certain conditions in both languages. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99890_75800fefa58c1a2581f26d519de913b6.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 A Study of interactional relationship between language and culture using language relativism hypothesis A Study of interactional relationship between language and culture using language relativism hypothesis 237 258 99884 FA Maryam Moradi AllamehTabataba’I University Marzieh Rahmani AllamehTabataba’i University Journal Article 2015 10 30 It is more than one century that the issue of interactional relationship between language and culture has become the concern of scientists In many anthropologists’ opinions, Language is counted as an element among other elements in culture as socially acquired knowledge. Meanwhile, the transference of culture in learning the languages is effective and presence of a big extent of linguistic species depends on cultures’ existence as well. In each culture, there are thousands of symbolic artificial systems and all of them are such models of language reflecting its properties. On the other hand, language is a complete system that through utilizing its words and meaning is able to surround the culture with its all borders as well as the society with its all complexities within itself. In the present study, the relationship between language and culture in linguistic view as appeared mainly in the language relativism hypothesis is studied. In this paper, the authors’ aim is to describe and subsequently analyze the experts’ opinions in this field aiming to describe the relationship between language and culture in the form of different cognitive science approaches. The method used for this paper is library-oriented one. The study’s findings suggest that there is an interactional relationship between language and culture. On the one hand, language is the main instrument of culture and the necessary condition of it, on the other hand, it is considered as a part of the culture and cultural product.  It is more than one century that the issue of interactional relationship between language and culture has become the concern of scientists In many anthropologists’ opinions, Language is counted as an element among other elements in culture as socially acquired knowledge. Meanwhile, the transference of culture in learning the languages is effective and presence of a big extent of linguistic species depends on cultures’ existence as well. In each culture, there are thousands of symbolic artificial systems and all of them are such models of language reflecting its properties. On the other hand, language is a complete system that through utilizing its words and meaning is able to surround the culture with its all borders as well as the society with its all complexities within itself. In the present study, the relationship between language and culture in linguistic view as appeared mainly in the language relativism hypothesis is studied. In this paper, the authors’ aim is to describe and subsequently analyze the experts’ opinions in this field aiming to describe the relationship between language and culture in the form of different cognitive science approaches. The method used for this paper is library-oriented one. The study’s findings suggest that there is an interactional relationship between language and culture. On the one hand, language is the main instrument of culture and the necessary condition of it, on the other hand, it is considered as a part of the culture and cultural product.  https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99884_a819aceb6e56bccf6f68156b087b1cd9.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 The Emergence of the Image and its Transfiguration on the Language in the Freudian Dream and the Bachelardian Reverie The Emergence of the Image and its Transfiguration on the Language in the Freudian Dream and the Bachelardian Reverie 71 83 99892 FA Zahra TaghaviFardoud Islamic Azad University- Central Tehran Branch Journal Article 2015 12 23  For Freud, the literary work is like a dream, a burst of the psyche of its author. Plunged into literary work, he discovers the internal knots concerning the author's past. He discovers in the afterlife of the second self the author who appears in the work, his true self that touches life in flesh and blood. Bachelardian psychoanalysis is linked not with unconsciousness but with the awakening, consciousness and psychic coherence of the dreamer who creates the work. Reverie gives the dreamer the possibility of producing the image in the moment. Thus, contrary to the petrified image of Freud represented in the dream, the Bachelardian image is dynamic, spontaneous, and cut off from the past. Since the images of reverie appear at the moment as they are, the word ontology finds its own meaning. Moreover, Bachelard's reference to psychoanalytic methods plays a large role in obtaining objective knowledge. In Bachelardian reverie, mind, consciousness and imagination are centered on the material world. This is the reason why the problem of Phenomenology is involved. The penetration into the center of the material world will activate the soul and heart of the artist, sending the images directly into his consciousness. Such a splendor of image in all its purity requires a subject that leaves presuppositions, entering by freedom of expression into a new world, and thus representing this novelty in a new verbal form. Undoubtedly, unexpected characteristics of the pure image have no meaning in psychoanalytic science which is in search of the repressed events of the past. The contradiction between the causality of the Freudian image and the ontology of the Bachelardian image requires different reading practices. Bachelard's method is based on a careful reading of the works, for identification with the creative reverie of the author at the moment when he created his work. The Freudian reader intends to unveil the work to discover the pass of its author.  For Freud, the literary work is like a dream, a burst of the psyche of its author. Plunged into literary work, he discovers the internal knots concerning the author's past. He discovers in the afterlife of the second self the author who appears in the work, his true self that touches life in flesh and blood. Bachelardian psychoanalysis is linked not with unconsciousness but with the awakening, consciousness and psychic coherence of the dreamer who creates the work. Reverie gives the dreamer the possibility of producing the image in the moment. Thus, contrary to the petrified image of Freud represented in the dream, the Bachelardian image is dynamic, spontaneous, and cut off from the past. Since the images of reverie appear at the moment as they are, the word ontology finds its own meaning. Moreover, Bachelard's reference to psychoanalytic methods plays a large role in obtaining objective knowledge. In Bachelardian reverie, mind, consciousness and imagination are centered on the material world. This is the reason why the problem of Phenomenology is involved. The penetration into the center of the material world will activate the soul and heart of the artist, sending the images directly into his consciousness. Such a splendor of image in all its purity requires a subject that leaves presuppositions, entering by freedom of expression into a new world, and thus representing this novelty in a new verbal form. Undoubtedly, unexpected characteristics of the pure image have no meaning in psychoanalytic science which is in search of the repressed events of the past. The contradiction between the causality of the Freudian image and the ontology of the Bachelardian image requires different reading practices. Bachelard's method is based on a careful reading of the works, for identification with the creative reverie of the author at the moment when he created his work. The Freudian reader intends to unveil the work to discover the pass of its author. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99892_0038f179c882f3d9242a5734295a1caf.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 The New Narrative Approaches of Renewal in the Reprise d'Alain Robbe-Grillet The New Narrative Approaches of Renewal in the Reprise d'Alain Robbe-Grillet 175 191 99870 FA Andia Abaie ShahidBeheshti University Journal Article 2016 02 05 Whilein 1981 Alain Robbe-Grillet announcedthathe no longer wanted to writenovels, hepublished one, La Reprise, on the eve of his 80 years (2001). The title of thisnovelisinspired by Kierkegaard, whosenovelistfollows the distinction betweenreminiscence or recollection and reprise: the first one is considered as a “backward remembering”, but “resumption is a forward remembering”. Throughvarious narrative means, such as diversification and variability of the discursive and narrative levels, Robbe-Grillet tries, with La Reprise, to destroy and renew the "new novel", in order to propose a novelthatis a “forward remembering”, and not a resumption oriented to his ancient works.  This article examines the process of writing by which the novelist, through an incessant resumption of the work of writing, wants to create a new workwith new roots and to prevent the book fromresting in a world alreadyknown. Whilein 1981 Alain Robbe-Grillet announcedthathe no longer wanted to writenovels, hepublished one, La Reprise, on the eve of his 80 years (2001). The title of thisnovelisinspired by Kierkegaard, whosenovelistfollows the distinction betweenreminiscence or recollection and reprise: the first one is considered as a “backward remembering”, but “resumption is a forward remembering”. Throughvarious narrative means, such as diversification and variability of the discursive and narrative levels, Robbe-Grillet tries, with La Reprise, to destroy and renew the "new novel", in order to propose a novelthatis a “forward remembering”, and not a resumption oriented to his ancient works.  This article examines the process of writing by which the novelist, through an incessant resumption of the work of writing, wants to create a new workwith new roots and to prevent the book fromresting in a world alreadyknown. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99870_7d7257d445844455731f3d7c36373f51.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 The role of play and linguistic games in Paludes and In search of lost time The role of play and linguistic games in Paludes and In search of lost time 193 211 99875 FA Rouhollah Ghassemi Shahid Beheshti University Journal Article 2016 02 16 The game has always been a means for artists and authors to absorb, attract and entertain spectators and readers. Yet, when we speak of the novel, the literature and the literary creation, it takes another entirely new form. Indeed, it can be said that these tools as varied as different, can create a sense of comedy and joke in the text. Besides this comical and pleasant aspect the author will be able to enjoy all the features to say, in playful form, what he cannot express clearly in the text. Marcel Proust and André Gide, two of the pillars of French literature in the twentieth century, have made extensive use of this oblique shape so that we can find the track in their entire work. These last two have not only used the different aspects of the playful work but also in the description of the characters and scenes one can feel the weight of the game. The game has always been a means for artists and authors to absorb, attract and entertain spectators and readers. Yet, when we speak of the novel, the literature and the literary creation, it takes another entirely new form. Indeed, it can be said that these tools as varied as different, can create a sense of comedy and joke in the text. Besides this comical and pleasant aspect the author will be able to enjoy all the features to say, in playful form, what he cannot express clearly in the text. Marcel Proust and André Gide, two of the pillars of French literature in the twentieth century, have made extensive use of this oblique shape so that we can find the track in their entire work. These last two have not only used the different aspects of the playful work but also in the description of the characters and scenes one can feel the weight of the game. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99875_c25a47ba7b9f517963d77c00c3ef5872.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 Friedrich Rückert: Form based or Meaning-based Translator Friedrich Rückert: Form based or Meaning-based Translator 85 107 99894 FA Fatemeh Khodamoradi Islamic Azad University.Central Tehran Branch Journal Article 2016 04 30 Literary history has proved that a literary masterpiece transcends temporal and spatial boundaries through a fluent and good translation which has a secular significance. With the help of a good translation, a national literary work is regarded as a world literature, and the role of the translator in in making a literary work an international success is no less than  the creator of the work. The translator paves the way for international recognition of a work and introducing the works of different poets and authors to the readers all over the world.  Friedrich Rücker is one of the best-known German literary translators, who has always devoted himself to almost every Persian classical work in German, so many Persian poems were introduced into the world of German-language literature through his translations. The first section of the article presents an overview of the definition of the translation and the translation theories and in the second part, some of the Rückerts‘s translations of the poems of Sadi, Hafiz and Rumi are examined with regard to form and content. In this article it is determined whether the poetical abilities of Rückert had an influence on the translation and transmission of the meaning and content of the given poetry and whether Rückert, contributed to the worldwide fame of classical Persian works. Literary history has proved that a literary masterpiece transcends temporal and spatial boundaries through a fluent and good translation which has a secular significance. With the help of a good translation, a national literary work is regarded as a world literature, and the role of the translator in in making a literary work an international success is no less than  the creator of the work. The translator paves the way for international recognition of a work and introducing the works of different poets and authors to the readers all over the world.  Friedrich Rücker is one of the best-known German literary translators, who has always devoted himself to almost every Persian classical work in German, so many Persian poems were introduced into the world of German-language literature through his translations. The first section of the article presents an overview of the definition of the translation and the translation theories and in the second part, some of the Rückerts‘s translations of the poems of Sadi, Hafiz and Rumi are examined with regard to form and content. In this article it is determined whether the poetical abilities of Rückert had an influence on the translation and transmission of the meaning and content of the given poetry and whether Rückert, contributed to the worldwide fame of classical Persian works. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99894_4bd794799354374ee8664a5069497d99.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 A Deleuzian Study of Subject, Time and Philosophy of Living in Slaughterhouse-Five as a Text of Becoming A Deleuzian Study of Subject, Time and Philosophy of Living in Slaughterhouse-Five as a Text of Becoming 15 30 99858 FA Seyedeh Roghayeh Aleshafiee IAU-Central Tehran Branch Journal Article 2016 05 08 The present research attempts to accomplish a re-reading of the novel Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut, specifically in the light of Gilles Deleuze’s theoretical frame of mind centralized on the notion of ‘becoming’. This central idea of becoming versus being grounds Deleuze’s philosophical and critical approach toward every phenomenon, and particularly, discourse such as art, philosophy and literature. Like other post-structuralists, Deleuze believes that the major problem with the traditional Western thought since the time of Plato has been the essentiality of transcendentalism and concludes that this needs to be subverted. He accomplishes his theory by verifying the necessity of overcoming Platonism and thus, authorizing becoming. In fact, by deviating from an established origin or transcendental universe we ground the thought on the immanence of becoming. In this view, everything is just flowing in the flux of becoming-life. From Deleuze’s viewpoint, philosophy, literature and science are the powers of becoming by entailing new non-actualized possibilities. Accordingly, the present research reads through the lines of Slaughterhouse-Five as a text of becoming opposed to verisimilitude. This study tries to show the dominance of Deleuzean thought through the investigation of elements like form, the episodic narrative, the split time and psyches of characters, as well as the absence of causal relation between events. Thus, it is found that under the light of Deleuze’s notion of minor literature, Slaughterhouse-Five brings various forms of becoming in play to liberate text, thought, philosophy, history and life itself from the pre-determined images and definitions in order to show how the writer tried to cope with the traumatic memory of war and massacre by experiencing different forms of becoming and re-narrating war events from different perspectives. The present research attempts to accomplish a re-reading of the novel Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut, specifically in the light of Gilles Deleuze’s theoretical frame of mind centralized on the notion of ‘becoming’. This central idea of becoming versus being grounds Deleuze’s philosophical and critical approach toward every phenomenon, and particularly, discourse such as art, philosophy and literature. Like other post-structuralists, Deleuze believes that the major problem with the traditional Western thought since the time of Plato has been the essentiality of transcendentalism and concludes that this needs to be subverted. He accomplishes his theory by verifying the necessity of overcoming Platonism and thus, authorizing becoming. In fact, by deviating from an established origin or transcendental universe we ground the thought on the immanence of becoming. In this view, everything is just flowing in the flux of becoming-life. From Deleuze’s viewpoint, philosophy, literature and science are the powers of becoming by entailing new non-actualized possibilities. Accordingly, the present research reads through the lines of Slaughterhouse-Five as a text of becoming opposed to verisimilitude. This study tries to show the dominance of Deleuzean thought through the investigation of elements like form, the episodic narrative, the split time and psyches of characters, as well as the absence of causal relation between events. Thus, it is found that under the light of Deleuze’s notion of minor literature, Slaughterhouse-Five brings various forms of becoming in play to liberate text, thought, philosophy, history and life itself from the pre-determined images and definitions in order to show how the writer tried to cope with the traumatic memory of war and massacre by experiencing different forms of becoming and re-narrating war events from different perspectives. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99858_c50368b6c5fc322748108482e40330f8.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 A Comparative Study of Intuition of Essence in HusaynIbn Mansur al-Hallaj’s and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Outlook in the Light of Plato’s Idealism A Comparative Study of Intuition of Essence in HusaynIbn Mansur al-Hallaj’s and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Outlook in the Light of Plato’s Idealism 213 235 99879 FA Maral Keramat Islamic Azad University Tehran Branch 0009-0003-6629-5526 Jalal Sokhanvar Shahid Beheshti University Journal Article 2016 06 28 Emerson’s Transcendentalism, in which both humanity and the cosmos participate, shares the manifestation of Over Soul in Hallaj’s union with Absolute. Meanwhile, the meditation of Plato’s cosmology and spiritual knowledge resulted in the contemplation of Essence and the relations of being so that one might be able to grasp the intuitive knowledge of Absolute Essence. The intuition of Essence uncovers the truth of beings and directed our attention to the fundamental Essence. Besides, Plato’s definition of Absolute in terms of the theory of Form and Idea opens a way to the universal acceptance of Mysticism by its followers. In order to grasp an intuitive knowledge of Essence, it is required to find a shared language among different cultures. This research is started by stating the fact that Plato’s Good within the framework of Gnostic Idealism will lead us towards the shared language. Then, it is mentioned that a comparative study of Hallaj’s and Emerson’s outlook reveals that these two mystics have marvelous similarities whereas they have different language, culture and religious sect. Indeed, their platonic Gnosticism is shadowed by Plato’s Idealism. Emerson’s Transcendentalism, in which both humanity and the cosmos participate, shares the manifestation of Over Soul in Hallaj’s union with Absolute. Meanwhile, the meditation of Plato’s cosmology and spiritual knowledge resulted in the contemplation of Essence and the relations of being so that one might be able to grasp the intuitive knowledge of Absolute Essence. The intuition of Essence uncovers the truth of beings and directed our attention to the fundamental Essence. Besides, Plato’s definition of Absolute in terms of the theory of Form and Idea opens a way to the universal acceptance of Mysticism by its followers. In order to grasp an intuitive knowledge of Essence, it is required to find a shared language among different cultures. This research is started by stating the fact that Plato’s Good within the framework of Gnostic Idealism will lead us towards the shared language. Then, it is mentioned that a comparative study of Hallaj’s and Emerson’s outlook reveals that these two mystics have marvelous similarities whereas they have different language, culture and religious sect. Indeed, their platonic Gnosticism is shadowed by Plato’s Idealism. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99879_7b0dfc523193647129fdcb1f0d1542ca.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 The Process of Identity Subjection in some of Donald Barthelme’s Short Stories The Process of Identity Subjection in some of Donald Barthelme’s Short Stories 131 151 99853 FA Ahmad Reza Samadi Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch Amir Ali Nojoumian ShahidBeheshti University Journal Article 2016 07 04 This article attempts to analyze the concept of identity in some of Donald Barthelme’s short stories. In order to get to this objective, Louis Althusser’s views of ISAs (Ideological State Apparatuses), interpellation and ideology have been utilized in displaying their impact on shaping one’s identity. Identity works as ideology does and through the ISAs like family, religion, politics, educational systems and media, it is formed and constructed. The impact of media, education and army that form the system of values and ideas, are depicted in Barthelme’s short stories. The present study, first introduces Donald Barthelme, then various views on identity are discussed. Later, Althusser’s views on the concept of ideology are introduced and lastly, the analysis of Barthelme’s short stories provides the influence of ideology in the formation of one’s identity as a subject. This study concentrates on various forms of authority that prevail the society through the dominant ideology and then the construction of identity under these conditions is discussed. This article attempts to analyze the concept of identity in some of Donald Barthelme’s short stories. In order to get to this objective, Louis Althusser’s views of ISAs (Ideological State Apparatuses), interpellation and ideology have been utilized in displaying their impact on shaping one’s identity. Identity works as ideology does and through the ISAs like family, religion, politics, educational systems and media, it is formed and constructed. The impact of media, education and army that form the system of values and ideas, are depicted in Barthelme’s short stories. The present study, first introduces Donald Barthelme, then various views on identity are discussed. Later, Althusser’s views on the concept of ideology are introduced and lastly, the analysis of Barthelme’s short stories provides the influence of ideology in the formation of one’s identity as a subject. This study concentrates on various forms of authority that prevail the society through the dominant ideology and then the construction of identity under these conditions is discussed. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99853_439acd7fd187dee27ccd63e095884f58.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 The Instructional Efficacy of Socratic Seminar for Cultivating Critical Thinking in Literature Students The Instructional Efficacy of Socratic Seminar for Cultivating Critical Thinking in Literature Students 31 53 99887 FA Samaneh Afghari No organization Helen Ouliaeinia Sobh-e-Sadegh Higher Education Institute, Tehran University Journal Article 2016 07 24 This study aimed to investigate the impact of Socratic seminar on cultivating critical thinking as a resource for improving Iranian senior literature students learning of literature and the extent to which this alternative method enjoys appreciation on the part of literature teachers and students. For this purpose, from a target population of 128 BA English literature students studying at Sobh-e-Sadegh Institute of Higher Education, a sample of 40 senior students, both male and female, were selected, purposive sampling. The participants were 20 to 30. They were randomly assigned into two groups, namely control and experimental, 20 each. The California Critical Thinking Skills Test (Facione&Facione 1990) was used as a pretest prior the treatment to specify the participants’ critical thinking skills in both groups. At the end of the treatment which lasted ten sessions, the same test was given to the participants in both groups. The findings reported the positive impact of Socratic seminar on critical thinking skills; additionally, the qualitatively obtained data from an open-ended questionnaire and an interview of the seminar teacher yielded credible evidence of the preference of the novel method over the traditional one. Indubitably, the findings have significant implications for literature professors and students. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Socratic seminar on cultivating critical thinking as a resource for improving Iranian senior literature students learning of literature and the extent to which this alternative method enjoys appreciation on the part of literature teachers and students. For this purpose, from a target population of 128 BA English literature students studying at Sobh-e-Sadegh Institute of Higher Education, a sample of 40 senior students, both male and female, were selected, purposive sampling. The participants were 20 to 30. They were randomly assigned into two groups, namely control and experimental, 20 each. The California Critical Thinking Skills Test (Facione&Facione 1990) was used as a pretest prior the treatment to specify the participants’ critical thinking skills in both groups. At the end of the treatment which lasted ten sessions, the same test was given to the participants in both groups. The findings reported the positive impact of Socratic seminar on critical thinking skills; additionally, the qualitatively obtained data from an open-ended questionnaire and an interview of the seminar teacher yielded credible evidence of the preference of the novel method over the traditional one. Indubitably, the findings have significant implications for literature professors and students. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99887_38f9418bf862713c3ae105af9f0183ea.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Critical Language and Literary Studies 20087330 12 16 2016 04 20 Common Errors in the Speech of Iranian Students of Russian Language:A Study of intercultural incompatibilities Common Errors in the Speech of Iranian Students of Russian Language:A Study of intercultural incompatibilities 155 176 99865 FA Mohsen Shojaee Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch Journal Article 2016 09 02 On the bases of errors in the speech of Iranian students of Russian language gathered by the author, intercultural incompatibilities which cause such errors aredemonstrated.Despite the fact that the statements including errors, are grammatically correct, they are either “nonnormative” or “inappropriate”. Pointing to the statements being “nonnormative” and “inappropriate” the author uses the criterion of different “distribution” rules among different languages. The article concludes that in teaching Russian language to Iranian students ignoring cultural aspects of the language, The teachers will contribute to the stability of demonstrated errors in the speech of their students. On the bases of errors in the speech of Iranian students of Russian language gathered by the author, intercultural incompatibilities which cause such errors aredemonstrated.Despite the fact that the statements including errors, are grammatically correct, they are either “nonnormative” or “inappropriate”. Pointing to the statements being “nonnormative” and “inappropriate” the author uses the criterion of different “distribution” rules among different languages. The article concludes that in teaching Russian language to Iranian students ignoring cultural aspects of the language, The teachers will contribute to the stability of demonstrated errors in the speech of their students. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_99865_a37551aea4559e0330598bb794ceb5ff.pdf