دانشگاه شهید بهشتی نقد زبان و ادبیات خارجی 20087330 23 37 2026 05 22 Gaps, Negation, and Wandering Viewpoint: An Iserian Reading of Madness and Mystery in Poe’s “The Raven” and Browning’s “Porphyria’s Lover” شکاف‌، نفی، و دیدگاه سرگردان: خوانشی ایزری از جنون و رازآلودگی در «کلاغ» ادگار آلن پو و «عاشق پورفیریا»ی رابرت برونینگ 73 89 106614 10.48308/clls.2026.242734.1407 FA حسین نظری گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشکده زبان‌ها و ادبیات خارجی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران امیرفرشاد شیرزائی گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی دانشکده زبان‌ها و ادبیات خارجی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0009-0002-8470-6926 Journal Article 2025 12 02 Introduction<br />This study investigates how mystery and madness in Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven” and Robert Browning’s “Porphyria’s Lover” emerge not as mere psychological traits but as readerly effects produced through poetic structure and interpretive activity. Rather than treating madness as an internal condition, the analysis demonstrates how devices such as repetition, gaps, negation, wandering viewpoint, and monologic narration generate uncertainty and interpretive pressure. Drawing on Wolfgang Iser’s reception aesthetics, the study approaches reading as a dynamic process in which determinate textual cues interact with strategic omissions, prompting inference and continual revision. The central argument is that experiences of mystery and madness are constructed through patterns of cancellation, reconfiguration, and retroactive interpretation embedded in each poem’s formal structure.<br />Background of the Study<br />Edgar Allan Poe’s poem “The Raven” occupies a distinctive position among his works both thematically and structurally. Accordingly, a wide range of literary studies have examined this poem from perspectives such as linguistics, Gothic studies, mythology, symbolism, and psychology. Literary critics have long regarded one of the primary reasons for the poem’s acoustic richness as deriving from the technical concept of the “refrain,” that is, the preservation of sound alongside the shifting meanings that the sound generates. Robert Browning is the most famous and influential figure in dramatic monologue in English poetry, to the extent that the term “dramatic monologue” is almost synonymous with his name. Browning’s dramatic monologues have been examined through various theoretical lenses, including psychology, power, crime, the relationship between speaker and listener, silence, and gender relations. Despite the breadth of the existing scholarship on both poems, no critical reading of the poems through Iser’s theories has yet been offered.<br />Methodology<br />Iser’s Reception aesthetics provides the theoretical foundation for this study. Iser posits that literary works consist of determinate segments linked by gaps or “blanks”, which require the reader to supply missing connections. These gaps create “negativity”, a force that propels meaning forward through constant hypothesis-making. The study uses a four-stage analytic method designed to trace how meaning develops through reader participation. First, a gap audit identifies instances of withheld information, which create interpretive indeterminacy. Second, a negation trace examines moments where the text cancels earlier possibilities or reverses interpretive expectations, producing the “negativity” central to Iser’s theory. Third, itinerary reconstruction maps the reader’s shifting perspective by analyzing how successive cues reshape initial assumptions. Finally, a constraint test evaluates the plausibility of interpretations for genre-based inference, ensuring that proposed readings remain grounded in textual features. Applied to “The Raven,” this method focuses on the refrain’s shifting semantics and the interplay of anticipation and surprise. For “Porphyria’s Lover,” the analysis emphasizes monologic form, the lack of an external truth-checking voice, and self-exonerating syntactic patterns. Together, these analytical steps reveal how each poem manages the reader’s interpretive trajectory to produce the sensation of mystery and madness.<br />Conclusion<br />The findings demonstrate that both poems cultivate their atmosphere of mystery and madness through formal strategies designed to shape the reader’s interpretive labor. In “The Raven,” the refrain acts as a mechanism of iterative cancellation, maintaining sonic stability while compelling semantic readjustment. In “Porphyria’s Lover,” gaps and contradictions embedded in the speaker’s monologue demand active inference and correction. In each case, the psychological effects associated with the poems emerge from the interactive process between text and reader. By foregrounding the role of form and reader participation, the study affirms that the enduring power of these works lies in their ability to orchestrate interpretive uncertainty and emotional intensity. این مقاله با تکیه بر نظریۀ دریافت ولفگانگ ایزر به تحلیل شعرهای «کلاغ» اثر ادگار آلن پو و «عاشق پورفیریا» اثر رابرت برونینگ می‌پردازد تا نشان دهد آنچه در این اشعار معمولاً جنون و رازآلودگی تلقی می‌شود، نه مضامینی ذاتی بلکه تاثیرات خوانشی ساخته‌شده توسط فرم است. با بهره‌گیری از مفاهیم ایزری شکاف‌، نفی، و دیدگاه سرگردان، این مطالعه آشکار می‌سازد که هر دو شعر با بهره‌گیری از گسست‌ها و لغوهای سازمان‌یافته، شیوۀ همکاری خواننده را مدیریت می‌نمایند. در «کلاغ»، ترجیع‌بند ثابت «هرگز دیگر» همچون مترونومی منفی، میدان معنایی را پیوسته محدودتر می‌سازد. در «عاشق پورفیریا»، ساختار تک‌گویی نمایشی، شنوندۀ غایب، و دستور زبانِ خودتوجیه‌گر، خواننده را وادار می‌سازد تا با هر نشانۀ تازه، برداشت‌های پیشین را بازنگری نماید. مقاله یک پروتکل تحلیلی قابل‌انتقال، شامل بررسی شکاف‌ها ← ردیابی نفی ← بازسازی مسیر خواننده ← و آزمودن محدودیت‌ها، پیشنهاد می‌کند تا نشان دهد که طراحی ساختار متن چگونه می‌تواند توجه خواننده و پاسخ او را هدایت نماید. در نهایت، این مطالعه آشکار می‌سازد که تأثیر این شعرها نه از آزادی تفسیری، بلکه از محدودیت‌های صوری ناشی می‌شود که مسیر خوانش را شکل می‌دهند و از رهگذر آن خودِ تجربۀ خواننده به محصول ساختار ادبی بدل می‌شود. https://clls.sbu.ac.ir/article_106614_1d60397948d82b455ea17db9523a6590.pdf