Hojat Goodarzi; Zahra Jannessari Ladani
Abstract
Meaning-making in the Deleuze-Guattari semantic region is a revolutionary and artistic schizophrenia, contrary to the conventional process of semantics of conventional reason. Revolutionary means minor literature, and artistic means poetic. The poetics of meaning in poetry is held silently as an event ...
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Meaning-making in the Deleuze-Guattari semantic region is a revolutionary and artistic schizophrenia, contrary to the conventional process of semantics of conventional reason. Revolutionary means minor literature, and artistic means poetic. The poetics of meaning in poetry is held silently as an event similar to the poetic thought event in Heidegger's philosophy of art. Poetry's vow of silence is the creating place of recurring and different meanings that appear in the successive turns and intensities of body without organs. In this way, poetry uses meaning and truth as an event out of habit and as a dignity of existence. Hence, the eventfulness of poetry coincides with its meaning. Surprisingly, Archibald MacLeish builds beingness of poetry in ‘Ars Poetica’ by arranging the paradigms of silence, stillness, and wordlessness on familiar meaning-making. In this way, poetry does not tolerate the conventional meaning because it is concerned with different and intensified eventful meanings as being in the world. The present study is a Deleuzian-Heideggerian reading of MacLeish’s poetic art in the light of the above concepts and considers poetry as an event focused on pure and unfamiliar meaning and truth.
Mahdi Javidshad; Morteza Jafari; Navid Maghsoud
Abstract
Introduction: The Room, written in 1957 but published in 1960 is Harold Pinter’s first work and in a way includes the most frequently encountered theme of his other plays: an anxious and frightened character exposed to the possible threats of the external world emerging apparently from nowhere. ...
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Introduction: The Room, written in 1957 but published in 1960 is Harold Pinter’s first work and in a way includes the most frequently encountered theme of his other plays: an anxious and frightened character exposed to the possible threats of the external world emerging apparently from nowhere. In this article, it is reasoned that one of the causes of the anxiety of its leading character is her personality problems which are rooted in her inability to successfully pass the development stages. Thus, the psychological theory focusing on personality problems can function as the theoretical foundation on which the latent causes of her characterization can be investigated. For so doing, Erikson’s personality development stages can be illuminating since it includes all the periods from childhood to old age.Background of Study: The Room has been discussed from various perspectives including ontology, economics, class struggles, feminism, and Freudian psychoanalysis. Such a variety testifies to the potentialities of the play. One of the approaches that can best investigate the motivations of the chief character of the play is Erikson’s development stages which cover all years from childhood to old age. In Childhood and Society (1950) Erikson introduces eight stages of development from childhood up to old age. The key to his theory is that in each stage human beings deal with a confrontation from which they should successfully pass and safely enter the next stage to finally form their healthy personality. The childhood confrontations in order involve fundamental trust against fundamental distrust, independence against shame and hesitation, initiation against guilt, and hardworking against inferiority. According to Erikson in the case of achieving the first part of each pair, the virtues of hope, will, purpose, and mastery will be acquired, respectively. The remaining confrontations which occur after childhood include identity against role confusion, intimacy against isolation, and productivity against stagnation and successfully passing those leads to gaining the moral virtues of loyalty, love, and care, respectively. The last stage which happens at the time of adulthood is the integrity of the self against despair and the acquired virtue is wisdom. For this play, the last stage is of crucial importance since Rose is a middle-aged woman incapable of making sound and healthy relationships with her surroundings.Methodology: Erikson’s developmental stages are taken to be the theoretical framework of the study for analyzing Rose’s psychological complications. Focusing on these developmental stages, the personality problems of Rose are analyzed to answer questions such as her proper growth stage, her actual current stage; the appropriateness of her present behavior and motives with emotional needs of her age, and the main incentive in her caring, mother-like attitude towards her indifferent husband, and the hidden motives behind her patent behavior. It is believed that answering such questions can shed light on parts of this play that have been intentionally kept in darkness and can offer a better understanding of the play. In attempting to answer the above questions the following concepts regarding the personality of Rose are considered and their effect on her motives, behavior, and overall personality are discussed: insecurity in the middle –age period, fundamental distrust, obsessive care, and isolation and confusion.Conclusion: It is concluded that all her personality lacks are rooted in her failure in passing the related growth stages and in her inability in acquiring the related virtues. Naturally, her behavior is confusing, improper for her age, and full of anxiety, distress, and fear. As a middle-aged woman, she must be in the stage of productivity against stagnation but in reality, she is too far from this stage. She is unable to show the possession of virtues such as identity, intimacy, loyalty, and love. She tries her best to achieve the security she has been deprived of since her childhood even of her obsessive caring for her husband, but all in vain. Therefore, the theory of Erikson regarding the growth stages and their effect on the personality is exactly applicable to this play and helps the readers to fill the gaps of the play by understanding the latent causes of Rose’s actions.
Ahmad Reza Rahimi; ُShideh Ahmadzadeh Heravi
Abstract
Jhumpa Lahiri’s stories have been studied more or less as expressing the cultural conflicts and problems of living in a host land. However, this study hopes to open new horizons in studying works of Lahiri from a new point of view – that of trauma and traumatic studies, with the special focus ...
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Jhumpa Lahiri’s stories have been studied more or less as expressing the cultural conflicts and problems of living in a host land. However, this study hopes to open new horizons in studying works of Lahiri from a new point of view – that of trauma and traumatic studies, with the special focus on works of Cathy Caruth. Traditionally defined as the wounds to the body of a person in an event, the word trauma has come to be related with the mental problems resulting from being a participant in the events which happen so suddenly that the person would not have enough time to understand it. Cathy Caruth, following the ideas of Sigmund Freud, attributes the shock experienced by the people in a traumatic event to the fact that the people do not have an access to the reality of trauma, which necessitates its recurrence which would provide an opportunity for the same person to experience it again. This paper intends to have a view on the short story “A Temporary Matter” by Lahiri from the viewpoint of the trauma studies. It will clarify how the ideas expressed by Caruth and similar critics can be detected so well in this story – ideas such as the unconscious and incomplete meeting of the trauma by the people going through it and that in order to overcome the following problems and restless feelings, it would necessary for having the trauma re-experienced by the same person.
Fatemeh Pourjafari; leila Baradaran Jamili
Abstract
The present study is based on the interaction between aesthetics and ethics and by focusing on the rhetorical narrative theory and the ethical philosophy it aims to investigate the aesthetic representation of ethics in On Beauty by Zadie Smith. On this account, this study relies primarily on James Phelan's ...
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The present study is based on the interaction between aesthetics and ethics and by focusing on the rhetorical narrative theory and the ethical philosophy it aims to investigate the aesthetic representation of ethics in On Beauty by Zadie Smith. On this account, this study relies primarily on James Phelan's rhetorical approach to narratology and Charles Taylor's philosophy of ethics. According to Phelan, the study of narrative aesthetics deals with the analysis of the narrative techniques, employed by the author and the narrator. Free indirect discourse and narrative voice are two techniques that contribute to the aesthetic dimension of the narrative. Through free indirect discourse, the readers are given a chance to enter inside the characters' unconscious mind which is integrated within the narrative flow, while narrative voice is defined by Phelan as the synthesis of style, tone, and ethics. Furthermore, the ethical world of the story is analyzed concerning the characters' various attitudes towards the concept of beauty, and their tendency towards human connection and altruism as ethical goods. Smith’s characters search for their authentic selfhood within the pluralistic context of the globalized world while practicing concern for others. This article aims at exploring the ethical values embedded in the choice of using certain narrative frameworks in Smith’s novel, and their relation to the contemporary tendency in literature towards rejecting postmodern fragmented narrative world.
Mahnush Eskandari; Ali Saeidi
Abstract
One of the controversial issues in translating important Persian literary works into other languages is to examine the level of literariness of the translated text compared to the original text. In statistical stylistics, by examining the form and content of the works, it is possible to achieve ...
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One of the controversial issues in translating important Persian literary works into other languages is to examine the level of literariness of the translated text compared to the original text. In statistical stylistics, by examining the form and content of the works, it is possible to achieve the literary level of the texts. In this regard, Busemann, a German linguist, has introduced an equation to check the level of literariness of texts. In this equation, the value of VAR or verb-to-adjective ratio is calculated, and the larger the quotient is, the more literary the text is, and vice versa, if the quotient of dividing the number of verbs into adjectives is a small number, the text is closer to scientific style. In the present research, we first adapted Busemann's equation for use in Russian texts and studied the conditions of determining the verb and adjective in the Russian language, and then studied the stories of the sixth chapter of Saadi's Golestan and their translation into Russian by Starostin from the point of view of level of literariness. Our research showed that the level of literariness of the sixth chapter of Saadi's Golestan is more than its translation, but Starostin's translation is due to using the poetic translation, the translator's youth, and the use of rhyming words and verbal and semantic puns in the Russian language in translating rhyming prose of Golestan, is an acceptable translation and it can be said that the translator has succeeded in translating and transferring the literariness of Golestan into Russian.Introduction: One of the most accurate schools in the literary criticism is statistical stylistics. In statistical stylistics, quantitative and statistical analysis is used to find the style of the studied work. One of the methods of statistical stylistics that has recently been welcomed by researchers is the Busemann equation. Busemann, a German linguist, proposed it for the first time, and in 1925, after it was used in German texts, it was proposed and used in statistical stylistics studies of various texts. In the Busemann equation, the number of verbs and adjectives in the examined text is calculated, and the division of the number of verbs by the adjective indicates the literary style of the examined text. The greater number of verbs compared to adjectives makes the text more literary, and the excess of adjectives compared to verbs in the text reduces the literariness of the text and makes the style of the text closer to the scientific style. Background Studies: Most of the researches that have been written on the basis of Busemann's equation have used this equation in Arabic texts, which is because Saad Maslouh (1992), an Egyptian linguist, localized Busemann's equation in the Arabic language to be used in the analysis of Arabic texts, thus the way has been paved for researchers to study Arabic texts. This equation has not been used in the analysis of Russian works or translations from Persian to Russian. Below are some of the researches done on this subject:Omidvar et al. (2019) have investigated the literariness of the Hashemiat of Komit Asadi and Hijaziat of Sharif Razi based on Busemann's equation. Sedghi and Rustayi (2013) have examined examples of classical poetry, free and blank verses according to this equation. In a research based on Busemann's equation, Naimi and Torabi Hour (2018) have investigated the literariness of style of the poetry collection "Qalat li al-Samra" by Nizar Qabbani and "Rastakhiz" by Simin Behbahani. Shamsabadi et al. (2021) also rely on this equation analyzed the poetics of women's writing in a story by Haifa Bitar. In an article, Sedghi and Zare Bormi (2014) analyzed the style of Maqamat of Hamadani and Hariri, and Amiri and Parvin (2015) used Busemann's equation to analyze the style of Nahj al-Balagha sermons.Methodology and Argument: In this research, the level of literariness of the sixth chapter of Saadi's Golestan and the translation of this chapter by Aliev and Starostin have been investigated. The questions that we are trying to find answers to in this article, which was written with a descriptive-analytical method, are: According to the criteria of the Busemann's equation, is the text of Golestan more literary or the text of its translation? What factors have influenced the literariness of both works? The hypothesis of the research is that because the poems of Golestan Saadi were translated by Aliev and Starostin into Russian poetry and because of this fact that these two translators were younger than Saadi, and Aliev and Starostin resorted to the solution of compensating for the loss of meaning in translating of the verbal and semantic puns of Golestan, the literariness of the translation of the sixth chapter of Golestan is lower than the original text, but it is acceptable. Conclusion: In this research, the level of literariness of the sixth chapter of Saadi's Golestan and its translation by Aliev and Starostin was investigated based on the criteria of the Busemann's equation and the calculation of the verb-to-adjective ratio, and it was shown that although the literariness of the original text is higher than its translation, but some factors, like that translators are younger than Saadi Shirazi, and benefiting from the poetic translation and the use of rhyming words and verbal and semantic puns in the Russian language when translated rhyming prose of Golestan have made the translation acceptable and it can be said that The translators have succeeded in translating and transferring the literariness of Golestan into Russian language.
Alireza Mahdipour; Hossein Pirnajmuddin
Abstract
IntroductionThe discourse of labor (and idleness) is theorized in ancient classical times by Hesiod who regarded labor as an affliction, and the aristocratic Plato-Aristotelian circle of thought who ignored its value since they attributed it to the slaves, celebrating instead the man’s ‘Noble ...
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IntroductionThe discourse of labor (and idleness) is theorized in ancient classical times by Hesiod who regarded labor as an affliction, and the aristocratic Plato-Aristotelian circle of thought who ignored its value since they attributed it to the slaves, celebrating instead the man’s ‘Noble Idleness’. The theory of labor developed in the medieval period by the ambivalent Church fathers who related it to the Fall of man, and the consequent strife as penance. In the late medieval, however, the attitude to labor changed dramatically, as it is manifested in the thoughts of late medieval Church fathers such as Thomas Aquinas, who valued labor as a virtue, forestalling the more secularized Renaissance, which is anticipated in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Background of the StudyWith the advent of Christianity and the decline of the ancient slavery system and the rise of feudalist system in Europe, attitudes to labor and wealth were modified. Christianity broke radically with the previous view of labour, yet labor was still seen as a punishment for the Fall of Man. However, in the late fourteenth century England the estate of the clergy encountered a paradoxical attitude towards labor. On the one hand, according to the Biblical instructions, labor is necessary and virtuous, and idleness or sloth a deadly sin, and on the other hand, this praiseworthy labor is allotted to the peasant estate, leaving the role of the clergy still uncertain. The clergy are mostly consumers rather than producers. MethodologyIn the late medieval England, the development of the middle class and the rise of mercantilism on the one hand, and the long futile wars, famine and death tolls caused by the plagues on the other hand secularized Europe and highlighted the value of laboring bodies. Attitudes to labor changed, especially labor for food production. The attitude of the clergy, however, was paradoxical towards labor. According to the Christian doctrine and ethics, work was a virtue, but practically in the feudal system of medieval period manual work was allotted to the peasants. To cope with this ideological flaw, the clergy triumphed in their (non-productive) clerical labor and services in their meditative and ascetic lives. Failure in achieving these ideals is satirized by the pilgrim-Chaucer’s highlighting the significance of food and food-makers. Accordingly, labor and the images of labor are praised in the “General Prologue” as useful in contrast with the idleness or uneconomic labors of the clergy. The praise is often applied for those pilgrims that are involved in the productive labor, or more specifically, in the food production, namely, the Plowman, the Miller, and the Cook. In connection with the food production, the motifs of eating, consumption, and gluttony are also related, with the medieval mores.
Mohammad Hossein Haddadi
Abstract
When it comes to the concern of transfer of form and content in lyrical literature translation, the first step would be the question that “does basically the essential capacity to transfer the form exist in the target language and literature?” Friedrich Rueckert's innovative and creative ...
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When it comes to the concern of transfer of form and content in lyrical literature translation, the first step would be the question that “does basically the essential capacity to transfer the form exist in the target language and literature?” Friedrich Rueckert's innovative and creative solution to this problem is that at the first step, he has entered the poetic form from persian language and literature in German prior to translating poems of Hafez, making use of Persian language capacities in German language and literature. The consolidation of lyrical form of ġazal in German, gave him the opportunity and possibility to move across richness of german language, culture and literature and reminds a new way of thinking about how to transfer form source language to target language. This thought played an important role in realizing his motto "World Poetry is Global Reconciliation" and was in line with the idea of world literature.
aref danyali
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to understand how novel can be read against psychological reality. As a case study, this paper addresses the Novel of the Stranger by Camus. Embedded in Kundera’s reading on the linkage between psychology on novel and psychology, the main question here ...
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The main objective of this study is to understand how novel can be read against psychological reality. As a case study, this paper addresses the Novel of the Stranger by Camus. Embedded in Kundera’s reading on the linkage between psychology on novel and psychology, the main question here is that how this novel can be read as what acts against psychology. Psychological novels are framed in a psychological cause i.e. making linkages among those unrelated or discrete events. A plot coherence is not possible without acknowledging such causal relationship. Rather, the novel of the Stranger addresses “ out- of -law”and “ off-topics” issues . Meursault is a stranger as he does not follow up the rhythmic tone of plot. In existentialism era, novel made a fundamental change in its “form” and “content”. As an existentialist philosopher, Camus puts an emphasis on the existing situation/placement rather than analyzing the characters in the novel. Unlike psychology which tries to make a clarity and distinction, Camus tries to talk about ambiguities and irrational reality. A dynamic and flexible rather than monolithic and fixed identity is obvious in his work. Novel in his reading is a domain for unpredictable events. Psychology, rather, attempts to disclose meanings and rational motivations in randomly occurred events. Besides the political function, one consequence of avoiding reducing the concept of novel to psychology in literary criticism is to refer the text into out of context elements like author’s biography.
Kaveh Khodambashi Emami; Hossein Pirnajmuddin
Abstract
Introduction: By the advent of late twentieth century many experts and critics stated that the novel has experienced “an aesthetic sea change”, one affected by an inherent “desire to reconnect language to the social sphere” (McLaughlin 54). Dubbed as “Post-postmodern”, ...
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Introduction: By the advent of late twentieth century many experts and critics stated that the novel has experienced “an aesthetic sea change”, one affected by an inherent “desire to reconnect language to the social sphere” (McLaughlin 54). Dubbed as “Post-postmodern”, the new novels’ emphasize an engagement with the social world is perhaps something that promotes a more direct political engagement. This essay explores the literary representation of the spatial, temporal, and subjective relationships between the individual and a society increasingly dominated by the proliferation of reproducible images and spectacles. To this end, Franco Bifo Berardi's anatomization of what he knows as the latest phase of neoliberal-capitalist system or "semiocapitalism" would be used as the central theoretical framework in an attempt to answer the following questions: What does a return to social engagement mean for fiction as presented in the novels of David Foster Wallace? What the modality of the critique is in post-postmodern fiction as conceived of in the work of Wallace?Background of Study: Along with other thinkers such as Christian Marazzi and Antonio Negri Berardi has conceptualized the relation between language and the economy and described the "subsumption" and the submission of the biopolitical sphere of affection and language to financial capitalism. However, Berardi opts to look for a way to resist capitalism, to achieve autonomy and tries to do that from the unusual perspective of literature. This critical perspective has been adopted in this article to reveal its implications in more depth when applied to a selected number of David Foster Wallace’s fiction and can be viewed as a new step in the interpretation of the post-postmodern novels. Methodology: This essay scrutinizes the post-postmodern novel – as the emanation of language – as a suitable tool to combat semiocapitalism and to construct a strong social fabric that would affect personal and collective consciousness, consequently helping the emergence of social and political change. The focus is also on defining the formal and thematic elements of post-postmodern literature with emphasis on how the structures of such texts contribute to the critique of capitalism by compelling reader participation and response.Conclusion: Post-postmodern novelists like Wallace often write huge, informationally savvy, and erudite novels asserting that in the age of semiocapitalism and proliferation of information there is more to incorporate, discuss and debate in fiction. Post-postmodern fiction focuses on the explorations of knowledge and information and the power, even the necessity, of narrative to help us order that information and to achieve the task of meaningfully staying informed in an otherwise meaningless info-saturated semiocapitalist condition. Consequently, by deeply scrutinizing the post-postmodern novels’ narrative and formal structure, it is concluded that these works are inherently oppositional to the contemporary socio-political system. The subject is also scrutinized from a different point of view: the incompatibility between economy and aesthetics. It is argued that aesthetics and political economy stand in a characteristic relationship with each other since it is utterly impossible to reduce the former into the latter. While the contemporary economy is all about abstraction, aesthetics is all about the concrete experience of the sensitive mind. Post-postmodern fiction as a new manifestation of aesthetics with its rejection of unrealistic plots and descriptions is read as an attempt to help us achieve a concrete experience of the “real” world as an accentuation of fiction’s social impact or a line of escape from an all-pervasive abstract semiocapital context.
Dominique Carnoy-Torabi; Marzieh Khazaei
Abstract
Thanks to migration and mass media such as television and cyberspace, we live in a transnational and transcultural world where cultural and identity signifiers constantly come into contact and are interwoven. The offshoot is the formation of a new culture and identity no longer rooted in one land and ...
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Thanks to migration and mass media such as television and cyberspace, we live in a transnational and transcultural world where cultural and identity signifiers constantly come into contact and are interwoven. The offshoot is the formation of a new culture and identity no longer rooted in one land and nation; rather they have been redefined and hybridized so that their survival and growth are secured in the contemporary world. Influenced by this transnational world, the literature narrates the life story of deterritorialized people who have migrated in search of a better life. Dany Laferrière’s The Enigma of the Return (2009) and Keivan Arzaghi’s The Gloppy Land (2011) richly illustrate the outcomes of accepting and rejecting this hybridity. Drawing on Homi Baba's postcolonial theory and Jacques Lacan's theory of alienation, we undertake a comparative study of these two novels. The analysis exhibits how migrants such as Dany and Arash's father struggle and experience alienation due to their reluctance to accept the laws governing the host country and its cultural signifiers, in addition to the rejection of the existing reality or grief over separation from their homeland. On the other hand, characters like Dany and Sanam embrace hybridity and consider migration a means for attaining success [in their life]. Thus, Dany realizes his driving ambition to be a famous writer, whereby he not only becomes a member of the host country, but also uses it to fight and return to his native land.
Narges Raoufzadeh; راضیه اسلامیه; Morteza Lak
Abstract
Introduction: Issues and topics related to nature and the environment has attracted the attention of a large number of theorists and critics. What has made the human mind focus for a long time is the importance of preserving nature, plant and animal species, which play a very essential role in maintaining ...
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Introduction: Issues and topics related to nature and the environment has attracted the attention of a large number of theorists and critics. What has made the human mind focus for a long time is the importance of preserving nature, plant and animal species, which play a very essential role in maintaining the health of the human soul. Since the conflation of humanities and natural sciences results in the investigation of the relationship between man, nature and their intimacy, the research aims to reveal the deep and unbreakable bond by focusing on the novel of Animal Dreams. The present article, by adopting the ecopsychological approach, examines the novel and attempts to elaborate on the positive effects that intimacy with the environment has on the human psyche. The study aims to identify and heal the damage caused by the separation of man from nature and its serious mental and psychological consequences by using concepts such as biophilia, ecological unconscious and ecopsychology, which were first proposed by Theodore Roszak, and Edward, O. Wilson in the field of ecopsychology. Background of the Study: Considerable investigation has been done on Animal Dreams (1990), Barbara Kingsolver’s outstanding work. Despite the abundance of existing findings from the perspective of ecocriticism and ecofeminism, no research has so far attempted to analyze this novel with an ecopsychological approach. In this section, we will limit ourselves to mentioning several cases. Marwa Hussein Ahmed Abdelfattah, in his dissertation titled “An Ecocritical Reading of Barbara Kingsolver’s Animal Dreams and Prodigal Summer”, using Bakhtinian dialogics and Timothy Morton’s ecological theory examines these two novels. Theda Wrede, in her article titled, “Barbara Kingsolver’s Animal Dreams: Ecofeminist Subversion of Western Myth” (2012), which printed in Feminist Ecocriticism: Environment, Women, and Literature, reviews the myth of the West in Animal Dreams and studies its impact on the formation of the land, women, and cultural minorities. In The Ecofeminist Power of Metamorphosis: Mythic Bonds between the Feminine and the Natural in Barbara Kingsolver’s Fiction, Hayley Knowlton, illustrates how women strives to restore and improve the environment of their hometown, rather than try to pursue a utopia. Priscillia Leder in her prominent book entitled Seeds of Change (2010), provides a complete summary of Barbara Kingsolver’s life. Referring to different periods of her life, the author reviews her literary works, including her novels, articles and poems. Many critics blame Kingsolver for her hopeful outlook which is accompanied by bitter realities. Catherine Himmelwright in her article “Gardens of Auto Parts American Western Myth and narrative American Myth in The Bean Trees”, expands her argument on how Kingsolver re-imagines and retells patriarchal myths. Himmelwright illustrates how Kingsolver in The Bean Trees uses Native American myths to neutralize the traditional contradiction between a liberal and adventurous western man and a passive, static, domestic woman. Pamela H. Demory in her article entitled “Into the Heart of Light: Barbara Rereads Heart of Darkness” (2002), introduces Kingsolver’s The Poisonwood Bible as a reflection of Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. She believes that in both novels, the white agents of foreign powers are often soulless and corrupt. Both novels present an Africa which is both seductive and dangerous; a completely alien land for Western and deadly for those who cannot adapt to it (181). Nanthinii M. and Dr. V. Bhuvaneswar in their conspicuous article “Rethinking Climate Change: Cli-fi Dynamic in Barbara Kingsolver’s Flight Behaviour” (2015), seek to investigate Kingsolver’s prominent climate fiction. They combine the story with real climate change in the world and express beliefs and disbeliefs to explain the global catastrophe. Such perceptions help to revise existing beliefs about climate change as well as symbolically induce an urgent need to solve environmental problems.Methodology: In recent decades, a field called ecopsychology has emerged for studying the relationship between our psyche and both nature and environmental crisis. The historian, Theodore Roszak (1933-2011), is credited for coining the term ecopsychology. Roszak argues that “its goal is to bridge our culture’s long-standing, historical gulf between the psychological and the ecological, to see the needs of the planet and the person as a continuum” (qtd. in Worthy 115). Ecopsychology deals with how emotional connections to nature are developed and gives feeling, harmony, eternity and stability. This approach examines ancient and modern cultures that have a history of being embraced by nature such as Buddhism and Hinduism. According to Darlyne G. Nemeth “Ecopsychology: The interaction between psychology and environmental protection is an inspiring concept” (2015 x). Ecopsychologists believe that the widespread destruction of the environment causes great sorrow and aggravation in people and intensifies their frustrationConclusion: The findings of this article propose a new perspective from which Animal Dreams (1990) can be read and analyzed. In this work, Kingsolver has depicted relationships between the characters and their varied views towards nature from a new perspective. While proving the effects of closeness, friendship and living in nature on human psyche, the study for the first time introduces new concepts such as ecopsychotherapy and ecotherapy in the field of literary criticism. The researcher believes that by combining other theories from the field of psychology with ecological approach, a new theoretical model can be invented for studying literary works from an environmental perspective. Relying on the two key concepts, proposed by Theodore Roszak and Edward O. Wilson, which are ecological unconscious and biophilia, the researcher admits that the surrounding environment, living conditions, cultural level and social status of people are very important in the formation and development of these two inherent phenomena. The researcher believes that, since the ecological unconscious is present in all humans from birth, man’s condition and lifestyle overshadows the active or passive nature of this phenomenon. Dr. Homer and his daughters are somehow connected with nature in one way or another, and this deep connection always has a healing effect for their souls. The bond of the doctor’s family with nature is unbreakable and very colorful. Nature is the consolation of their pains and suffering; moreover, playing the role of ecopsychotherapy. Dr. Homer tries to minimize the great sadness of losing his wife by taking photographs and being in nature. Cody fights environmental destruction in Greece, and Holy the youngest daughter moves to Nicaragua to train farmers and restore nature which is a kind of ecotherapy. The presence of ecological unconscious and biophilia is quite evident in Dr. Homer’s family, while in Emiliana’s family, the situation is just the reverse. The researcher considers the lifestyle of Emiliana’s family as the reason for their passive interest in nature. In order to earn money, they cut the heads of peacocks and prepare their feathers for sale. The indiscriminate hunting of peacocks has put them at risk of extinction, while this issue is not the least important for Emiliana’s family. Kellen, Kirti and Meysen mercilessly cut peacocks’ heads off in an attempt of non-inert brutality. Animal Dreams, is the pioneer of the ecological awakening of novelists such as Barbara Kingsolver, in which the relationship between man and nature is reflected very deeply and seriously, introducing a value system based on nature.
Narjes Khodaee
Abstract
Christoph Ransmayer’s novel The Last World is a successful example of the creative reinterpretation of myths. The novel has a dynamic plot, mixes the historical sources about the life of the Roman poet Ovid with borrowed motifs from Metamorphoses, and alternates between premodern and modern time ...
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Christoph Ransmayer’s novel The Last World is a successful example of the creative reinterpretation of myths. The novel has a dynamic plot, mixes the historical sources about the life of the Roman poet Ovid with borrowed motifs from Metamorphoses, and alternates between premodern and modern time levels and worlds. In myth and the history of civilization, the author observes the same destructive forces and phenomena of decay that point to present conditions and future catastrophes. The present essay has examined the peculiar mixture of reception and appropri- ation of the old myths in Ransmayer’s The Last World, as well as their creative reference to the concept of the historical novel. Besides, the philosophical and so- cial aspects of the work have been discussed to relevant theoretical debates. When examining the content-related and formal aspects of the Last World, different nar- rative strategies could be shown: While the intertextual play with known narrative materials, the variable recoding of mythical symbols and the mixing of various spatial and temporal levels can be understood as postmodern traits, this novel has different characteristics characteristic features that mark a closeness to modern works, especially when the novel in impressive pictures and stories thematizes the increase in destructive potentials in cultural history or subliminally criticizes the devastating consequences of instrumental reason in the present.
Armin Fazelzad
Abstract
Introduction: Since the ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language is being capable of communicating in that language, the concept of interactional competence is of dire importance in teaching and learning a second language. Interactional competence is the ability to use language in different social ...
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Introduction: Since the ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language is being capable of communicating in that language, the concept of interactional competence is of dire importance in teaching and learning a second language. Interactional competence is the ability to use language in different social contexts. Furthermore, as a paralinguistic code, intonation has direct influence on the accent of learner or the so-called foreign accent. Literature Review: Chomsky (1965) introduces performance versus competence. Hymes (1972) broadens competence to include language use in social situations that he calls communicative competence. According to Kramsch (1986) concepts of addressee and communication context are main factors that differentiate interactional competence from communicative competence. Based on Young (2011), interactional competence includes identity, linguistic and interactional resources. Markee (2008) views interactional competence in three elements, namely, a formal system, a semiotic system and paralinguistic features. Methodology: This article aims at going from linguistic and communicative competence to interactional competence that is both context- and interactants-dependent, in order to study intonation in real conversation. To this end, functions of intonation in German language are introduced and described in the process of reaching interactional competence and maintaining successful communication in this language. Results: In teaching a foreign language, we should engage the learners in social and cultural aspects of the language in order to improve and develop their interactional skills and reach near native accent.
abdolbaghi rezaei talarposhti; Behzad Pourgharib
Abstract
From philosophy and politics to literary criticism, György Lukács paved the ground for the notion of "class consciousness."In the realm of comprehending the idea of "consciousness," there are genuine and false genres, making it impossible to grasp it precisely. However, the literature gives ...
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From philosophy and politics to literary criticism, György Lukács paved the ground for the notion of "class consciousness."In the realm of comprehending the idea of "consciousness," there are genuine and false genres, making it impossible to grasp it precisely. However, the literature gives a more accurate knowledge of this category by offering objective instances based on lived experience. To explain this subject, two tales were chosen. In these stories, one may find indications of class consciousness in the lives of the main characters in a metaphorical sense. The stories analyzed in this paper are two revolutionary stories in which the main characters clearly show the emergence of class consciousness with numerous components. The research approach is formal and comparative, with a dialectical conceptual framework. The findings demonstrate that "Barat" in the Moghan Conquest and "Bartleby" in "A Wall Street Story" are not only socially engaged individuals, but also participate in the process of becoming conscious. The protagonist of Golshiri's story is in the process of both generating and destroying consciousness, whereas Melville's topic is in the process of establishing a unique consciousness from a fresh perspective. "Barat" views the birth of awareness as a political revolution, but this consciousness stays in the unproductive realm, which "Bartleby" views as the basis for the relations of capitalist production. The similarity between the two lies in the belief that the consciousness of the individual extends to the collective.
fahimeh Khalili Teilami; Jalal Sokhanvar
Abstract
William Shakespeare, the Renaissance Dramatist, Influenced by the Bible, the Middle Age-Crusade-Renaissance relationship between England and Islam, and knowledge of Latin, with religious debates, inaugurates a new Islamic discourse in the tragedy of Hamlet based on the Holy Qur'an. In his discourse, ...
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William Shakespeare, the Renaissance Dramatist, Influenced by the Bible, the Middle Age-Crusade-Renaissance relationship between England and Islam, and knowledge of Latin, with religious debates, inaugurates a new Islamic discourse in the tragedy of Hamlet based on the Holy Qur'an. In his discourse, the nature of the man, as the pure God’s creature, is cognized through the existence of vice and virtue of the soul, and the inherent tendency of the soul for virtuous perfection even after death, for some human beings, which is called evolution of the soul, thus re-creates a good human. In this metaphysical approach, based on physics, the relationship between matter and form is like the intrinsic relationship between body and soul in which the soul as the essence and body form, has endowed with movement and evolution, and in addition to life-giving, identifies the changing matter and body to which it always belongs. This is called hylomorphism which is the basis of Substantial motion, physical resurrection, and causality. Aristotle's theory of hylomorphism and Mulla Sadra’s Islamic views are examined in this religious discourse. This research results in, inter alia, the re-presentation of Muhammad (PBUH) and depletion of constant accusations.Introduction: Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, is the founder of Islamic philosophy including transcendental wisdom while Christian thoughts have not been influenced by the Greek philosophies (Brague 252). Mulla Sadra as the founder of Quranic thought succeeded in uniting the four currents of thought, namely theology, mysticism, Plato’s, and Aristotle’s. Mulla Sadra’s thoughts are based on the Shiite religion of Islam including the principles of the Quran, Hadith, reason, and consensus leading to human salvation. Mulla Sadra’s philosophy is specific to the Quran in terms of an all-inclusive essential change such as ascending and descending purgatory and substantial change in everything, constant and new occurrence, and God as the pure cause (existential ontology). Additionally, purgatory in Islam is a place such as the grave where the souls of dead bodies reside (BRILL 100). William Shakespeare, the renaissance dramatist, was affected by the Anglo-Islamic rapport from the Crusades to the16th. Century renaissance in which different attitudes to Islam and Muhammad (PBUH) have been held. The allusion to Muhammad’s name is testified completely only in the Holy Quran and not the Bible. The Holy Quran was translated into Latin almost 5 decades earlier than Shakespeare’s time, and Shakespeare knew fully the Latin language. To get to know Bible, one should be familiar with the Holy Quran. The renaissance period was the rebirth of ancient Greek thoughts inter alia Aristotle, Plato, etc. pinpointing the evolution of man’s soul. Shakespeare attempts to inaugurate an Islamic discourse based on the evolution of man’s soul in this world and purgatory for some men to reach a virtuous perfection which results in a variety of findings.Background of Study: Dolat Abadi (1388) in comparing Hamlet with Imam Hossein, considers both martyr and hero fighting against evil and cruelty traced in all human society which is targeted at accomplishing an ideal, religious and virtuous morality. This is deeply rooted in the mind of a true man which bespeaks the inclinations of a virtuous soul as well. Thind (2014) represents Hamlet as a true religious hero who has a faith in Christianity and the doctrine of the renaissance. Therefore, he is precluded from committing any evil action or crime for his revenge. In other words, his revenge is carried out for a promising achievement based on religion which destroys evil and leads towards virtue and morality. This revenge tragedy is different from its contemporary tragedies in terms of its moral and virtuous predispositions.Methodology: Considering Shakespeare’s view seems to manifest the Islamic Philosophy of Mulla Sadra originated in and was proposed earlier by the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, whose philosophy is based upon physics regarding the dynamic relationship between matter and form as an embodiment of body and soul, a comparative philosophical methodology hinging upon a spiritual-religious outlook has been selected for this study. It suggests, on the one hand, the antiquity of (Islamic) philosophy founded on the Holy Qur’an and Hadith with its specific categories hinging on the principles of existence and essence including God’s existence as the pure and first cause (existential ontology), and constant and new occurrences in substance as essential change dedicated to the Qur’anic thoughts, and on the other hand, the significance of the inspiring Greek thought. The philosophical theories of Mulla Sadra and Aristotle will be the foundations for our research method which are applied in the content analysis as observed in the behavior of characters in the tragedy.Conclusion: The tragedy of Hamlet exhibits a virtuous perfection and enhancement of the soul for some men before death and in purgatory based upon the Islamic philosophy of Mulla Sadra which is rooted in the ancient Greek philosophies. Such a substantial change in man’s soul will bring about a myriad of findings among which one is noteworthy, i.e. a virtuous re-presentation of prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and depleting affronts carried against him by the west unaware of Islam and Muhammad.
مسلم ذوالفقارخانی; Mahmood Reza Ghorban Sabbagh
Abstract
The present study aims at revealing Rhetoric in Persian and English language and literature and discussing its major classifications by rhetoricians, while emphasizing “Prologue” in Shahnameh and “Invocation” in Paradise Lost. To do this, some of the most significant contemporary ...
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The present study aims at revealing Rhetoric in Persian and English language and literature and discussing its major classifications by rhetoricians, while emphasizing “Prologue” in Shahnameh and “Invocation” in Paradise Lost. To do this, some of the most significant contemporary books on Persian and English Rhetoric and literary devices are analyzed, and simultaneously those approximate literary devices such as Prologue, Invocation, Foreshadowing, Prolepsis and Apostrophe are compared and contrasted. The results of this research indicate that Persian and English literary devices are not always identical while sometimes seem to be incompatible. This incongruity refers to the nature of their languages and literary text along with poets’ methods of utterances and expositions. Further, the vague equivalents and lexicographers’ negligence aggravated such incongruity. The method employed in this research is descriptive and analytical. Besides, the American School of comparative studies in which direct influences are not insisted, are followed in order to reveal Prologue and Invocation in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and John Milton’s Paradise Lost and to identify their approximate literary devices.
Pariya Azad
Abstract
Introduction Language is the most important means of communication in human societies. Language uses for different needs. Sometimes it has a positive and negative meaning. Therefore, in linguistics, language is considered a double-edged sword that needs using with awareness. Translating taboo phrases ...
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Introduction Language is the most important means of communication in human societies. Language uses for different needs. Sometimes it has a positive and negative meaning. Therefore, in linguistics, language is considered a double-edged sword that needs using with awareness. Translating taboo phrases and words is one of the most difficult types of translations. In translating taboo words, the translator require paying attention to ideology, culture, norms and religion considerations. In the field of taboo translation, there are different views among researchers, linguists and theorist. One group believes that taboo words or expressions are untranslatable, the other has proposed solutions. Iranian women and girls have always respected moral and cultural principles of society. The change of lifestyle, the development of technology, global communication and their education and awareness have had a significant impact on their life over the past years until today. Since these changes and transformations may also affect the style and context of writing and translation, this research has investigated two groups of female Sunni translators between the years (1351-1361) and (1371-1381) to Evaluate and compare the methods used when facing taboo words or phrases.Background of the study The dynamics of language and culture play a significant role in the life of societies. The beauty of literary texts is based on the use of cultural elements that show the values, beliefs, and convictions of any culture. In translation studies, culture plays a key role, since language originates from it. Culture and cultural elements are among the untranslatable features of the source language. They make a translator in trouble. To understand these cultural elements, the translator must be aware of the meta-linguistic knowledge of the target language. Moreover, the cultural gap between the two languages is major problem. During the process of socialization, a person gets to know the norms. According to Toury, "norms are not absolute social and cultural phenomena, they might be abandoned at some point, so other phenomena will replace them. The act of translation is also a social and cultural behavior that is based on norms" (Khazaei and Ghazizadeh, 2014, p 94). Methodology The statistical population of this research consists of two groups of female translators. The first group consists of 12 female translators between the years (1351-1361) who have graduated from the English language translation course during the past years. The second group includes 12 female translators between the years (1371-1381) who have graduated or are still studying in this course. In this research, Khosh saliqeh, Ameri & Mehdizadkhani (2018) classification of taboo translation strategies used as a theoretical framework. All the participants gave a week to translate the sentences given to them carefully. Those participants who did not live in Sari received the selected sentences in WhatsApp, and the participants who lived in Sari received sentences in printed format at the Islamic Azad University of Sari, and translation institutesConclusion According to the findings of this study, both groups of translators have been influenced by the culture and norms of Iranian society. The results of this research show that female translators born between the years (1371-1381) were more familiar with the translation solutions of taboo words than female translators between the years (1351-1361). According to the findings of this study, female translators between the years (1371-1381) used the maintenance and substitution method more and female translators between the years (1351-1361) used deletion method more.
Sedigheh Sherkat Moghadam
Abstract
Introduction:La traduction permet d’échanger des idées et des réflexions du monde. Parmi divers textes littéraires, la traduction de la poésie semble difficile selon certains chercheurs. La difficulté majeure est de recréer l’union du sens ...
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Introduction:La traduction permet d’échanger des idées et des réflexions du monde. Parmi divers textes littéraires, la traduction de la poésie semble difficile selon certains chercheurs. La difficulté majeure est de recréer l’union du sens et de la sonorité qui caractérise la poésie et fait partie du sens des poèmes. Parmi les poètes français, les poèmes de Leconte de Lille occupe une place particulière dans la littérature française, car ce poète fait partie des adeptes de l'école de «l'art pour l'art» et est très sensible à la forme, à la musique et à la beauté de la poésie. En tant que traducteur de certains poèmes de ce poète, Shojauddin Shafa a tenté d'établir un compromis entre la fidélité au texte et l'esthétique des vers.Dans cette recherche, on tente d'examiner la traduction persane du poème «le Sommeil de Laila» écrite par Lecomte de Lille à partir des opinions d'Henri Meschonnic afin de savoir si la forme, le rythme et les éléments esthétiques de ce poème ont été transférés dans la langue cible ou non. Pour atteindre cet objectif, les vers de ce poème sont divisés en trois catégories : rythme linguistique, rythme rhétorique et rythme poétique, puis, on compare les vers de ce poème avec sa traduction afin d’évaluer le degré de divergence et de convergence entre les poèmes de Leconte de Lille et les textes traduits par Shafa à différents niveaux. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que le traducteur a utilisé plutôt la méthode "traduction-interprétation".Etat de connaissance :Dans l'article «Etude du rythme dans les traductions persanes des œuvres de Christian Bobin: le cas des traductions de Geai (Idiot du quartier) et d'Isabelle Bruges faites par Qavimi», Mohseni examine le rythme dans les traductions de cette traductrice. Selon l'auteur, Bobin exprime une pensée simple et sincère. Ses écrits sont pleins de phrases courtes dont le rythme lent ou rapide exprime les sentiments et les pensées des personnages. En examinant la traduction des deux récits d’Idiot du quartier et d'Isabelle Bruges, Mohseni montre que le traducteur s'est parfois écarté du rythme du texte original pour respecter les règles d'orthographe, mais il a réussi à recréer le rythme et les signes de l'oralité.Méthodologie :Notre travail de recherche a pour objectif la critique de la traduction « du Sommeil de Leila » en persan selon Meschonnic afin de voir si la rigueur et la recherche formelle de Leconte de Liste pour dessiner l’art et la beauté ont été bien transmises dans la traduction. Nous allons étudier la divergence et la convergence entre l’original et le texte traduit sur différents plans tels que le sens, la forme, le style, la musicalité, le rythme, la sonorité, etc.Conclusion :Les analyses présentées ont montré que la traduction des poèmes parnassiens n'est pas possible simplement en choisissant des équivalents appropriés et en transmettant le sens, car la principale caractéristique de leurs vers se base sur le rythme, la musique et le chant. Les opinions de Meschonnic sur l'importance du rythme dans le texte et l'attention portée au «sens général d'un discours» ont clairement montré que la reproduction de la musicalité du discours est très importante dans la traduction. En comparant le tableau contenant la sonorité, la richesse des rimes et les strophes en version française et en version persane de notre travail, on pourrait conclure que le traducteur n’a pas bien transmis ni la musicalité, ni les sonorités des vers dans la traduction.
Seyed Hossein Sadat Hosseini Khajooee; زهره رامین
Abstract
The goal of this study is to analyze through Drake’s model of the human side of organizational principles, The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro. The novel will be analyzed using Barthes’s literary codes which originate from Taoism and Zen philosophy as sources of creative thinking. Ishiguro ...
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The goal of this study is to analyze through Drake’s model of the human side of organizational principles, The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro. The novel will be analyzed using Barthes’s literary codes which originate from Taoism and Zen philosophy as sources of creative thinking. Ishiguro novels foreground the behavioral and classi- cal organizations, hence welcome a comprehensive study between literature and social sciences. The role of humanistic organizations in providing a better chance of growth both for the organization and its human compartments has exceeded the boundaries of social sciences and management, as behavioral approach of leading organizations has become a major development in honoring personal identity. Michael Drafke has deter- mined the kind of proper interaction between decision-makers and subordinates in field researches. These theories of the human side of organizations are mostly for behavioral management, a short coming in the literature have been addressed. The epistemology and ontology of the behavioral approach have been to the benefit of decision-makers and subordinates. In The Remains of the Day, the dominant organizational implications are classical. The core claim of this study is that it informs a blending of behavioral and classical approaches to be implemented between decision-makers and subordinates who are unequal educationally and characteristically as a pragmatic strategy. This study concludes that an appropriate blending of these two approaches can have pragmatic re- sults to pave the way for implementing a full behavioral approach that is able to establish an equilibrium between humanity and organization. Introduction:Organizations have to be reformed in order to fulfil the most important re- quirements of humanity for the sake of empowerment of the human side of organizations. The gradual change from classical view of organizational decision making to behavioral cooperation for the same goal has been in this direction. Ishiguro’s novel is written in an expanded humanistic tradition to demonstrate a new approach towards Drafke’s orga- nizational principles.
Niloufar Aminpour; Jalal Sokhanvar; Zahra Bordbari
Abstract
Judith Butler efforts to highlight the significant role of the cultural heterosexism in the construction of female gender identity and roles by referring to repetitive acts through abjection, continuity among sex, gender, and sexual desire, interpellation, and exclusion of female gender . Tennessee Williams ...
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Judith Butler efforts to highlight the significant role of the cultural heterosexism in the construction of female gender identity and roles by referring to repetitive acts through abjection, continuity among sex, gender, and sexual desire, interpellation, and exclusion of female gender . Tennessee Williams in his masterpieces depicts the method of gender constructedness years before Butler and beyond her theory. This research intends to study the nominated plays by Williams and Butler’s theory of female gender construction to reveal a better understanding of female characters and a more genuine understanding of the manner of cultural heteronormativity in such constructedness. Butler argues that parodic acts terminate in the binaries of man/woman, male/female, and masculine/feminine which reassures the bipolarity of the heterosexist cultures. In the plays, the concept of abjection can be traced, for both heterosexual and homosexual female gender identity and roles. According to Butler, the male gender subject is the only accountable case that are not the constituent part of cultural constituent in defining the inferior female gender identity. The situation of female subjects in these plays demonstrates that female gender individual has a share in the construction of heteronormativity. Some female identities receiving and doing the reiterative cultural acts, take the function of the hegemony of heterosexism and behave other female gender identities as the minor personalities who should be defined as the lower-rate gender identity and roles; besides, the identical female individual represents heteronormativity and restricts herself in the binaries to construct her own gender identity and roles.
shokouh Rashvand Semiyari; majid Ghorbani
Abstract
Introduction: Since motivation plays a considerable role in education in general and in learning foreign languages in particular, presenting a measurement instrument that could better reflect relevant self-imagery seems necessary. This study was conducted to validate a four-scale Second Language Motivational ...
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Introduction: Since motivation plays a considerable role in education in general and in learning foreign languages in particular, presenting a measurement instrument that could better reflect relevant self-imagery seems necessary. This study was conducted to validate a four-scale Second Language Motivational Self-system adapted by Teimouri (2017) and Papi et al. (2019) based on Higgins’ (1987) Self Discrepancy Theory in an Iranian context.Background study: Dörnyei (2005) proposed that the L2MSS was made up of three main dimensions: ideal L2 self, ought-to L2 self, and the L2 learning experience. The ideal L2 self relates to the kind of desirable qualities one wishes to achieve in the future. The ought-to L2 self refers to the attributes that others believe one should possess to avoid unpleasant consequences. The L2 learning experience deals with the contextual environment (e.g., the effect of teachers, peers, the field of study, etc.). The more precise one’s L2 self is, the more motivational force it is potentially to have. According to both Markus and Nurius’s (1986) Possible Selves Theory and Higgins’s (1987) self-discrepancy theory, individuals who have more specific and logical plans in their minds as to what they would like to become are more likely to make effort in achieving towards their goals. Similarly, the existence of desired possible future selves does not necessarily show motivational force. Instead, to conduct the motivated behavior, certain circumstances need to be met. For instance, it is not adequate for learners to have a clear image of their favorable future self. In other words, when trying to develop the measurement instrument to elicit learners’ responses concerning their self-guide image, it is necessary to investigate the degree to which it is salient in their real selves. The current measurement instruments of L2 self were unable to address self-concept in reality. For example, the instrument used to measure L2 self indicates that the questionnaire has to do with the construct of the ideal L2 self and usually asks questions such as “The things I want to do in the future require me to speak English”, “If my dreams come true, I will speak English fluently in the future” or “Whenever I think about my future, it is important that I use English” (Taguchi, Magid, & Papi, 2009). Most of the items do not properly reflect the tasks that EFL language learners need to deal with every day. Methodology: Five hundred ninety-nine EFL learners (Three hundred eight female students and two hundred ninety-one male students) studying English as ESP in IAU East Tehran Branch participated in the study. The researchers of the study selected the expectation maximization (EM) method to address the missing data. Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) through the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach. The complete structural model for investigating the fitness of the model was drawn. The full structural model fits well with the data. Conclusions: Findings confirmed that the adapted questionnaire showed an acceptable model fit. Reliability and validity estimates were also examined and provided satisfactory psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The four-factor correlated model including ideal L2 self-own, ideal L2 self others, ought-to L2 self-own, and ought-to L2 self others was a plausible measurement instrument for EFL learners.
Leila Shobeiry
Abstract
Learning a foreign language such as French always faces various challenges, including overcoming the grammatical problems of learners. Given that grammatical exercises can functionally play an important role in learning the grammar of a foreign language, in this study we aim to look for a relationship ...
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Learning a foreign language such as French always faces various challenges, including overcoming the grammatical problems of learners. Given that grammatical exercises can functionally play an important role in learning the grammar of a foreign language, in this study we aim to look for a relationship between memory and types of grammatical exercises. In other words, in this study we seek to find an answer to the question of how linguistic data and information are stored and classified in the human brain and memory? What is the difference between grammar knowledge and grammar skills, and how can French teachers turn grammar knowledge or mental data into grammar skills through grammar exercises? Using a questionnaire, we asked a question about teachers' knowledge of psychological issues of language, including memory and its relationship with grammar exercises. The research method in this research is analytical and descriptive statistics are presented. The results of this study clearly show that French language teachers are not sufficiently aware of the psychological issues of language and the effective role that this knowledge plays in their teaching skills in choosing different types of grammatical exercises. The results of this study on the types of grammatical exercises also show that conceptual exercises and exercises that deal with the textual, spoken and written productions of learners as well as task-based exercises that are done in groups have the greatest role in the development of procedural memory (which is directly related to Acquisition of language skills is related).
Mehdi Khoshkalam Pour; Bakhtiar Sadjadi; Fariba Parvizi
Abstract
Introduction: The present paper proposes that Lisa Unger’s Fragile (2010) is involved in a late capitalist social phenomenon that announces both the extinction of the authoritative Oedipal Father and the liberation of mOther and son from his reign. The Hollowers in the novel are incapable of experiencing ...
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Introduction: The present paper proposes that Lisa Unger’s Fragile (2010) is involved in a late capitalist social phenomenon that announces both the extinction of the authoritative Oedipal Father and the liberation of mOther and son from his reign. The Hollowers in the novel are incapable of experiencing any real sexual relationship the lack of which heavily influences their personal and social life. The present paper reveals that even the Hollowers’ commitment of rape, incest, and even murder cannot compensate for the enjoyment of the proper sexual relationship they are innately deprived of. In Fragile, both man and woman infer an ancient rivalry over jouissance from their sexual relationship. Accordingly, Unger’s characters orchestrate various psychological schemes for optimum pleasure from their sexual relationship, while they become involved with some irreparable psychological disorders that neither supply them with their desired pleasure from sex, nor release them from the sexual traumas that permanently remain with them. Background of Study: Between Žižek and Badiou, there is no contention that the contemporary man cannot live up to the name and authority associated with the Oedipal Father, and epitomize the Big Phallus of the Symbolic Order. However, while Žižek reduces woman to an object of exchange between father and son (Žižek, Enjoy Symptoms! 75), Badiou does not consider her as a passive object-cause-of-desire; quite contrary, to Badiou, woman can freely serve and express her social and sexual identity and challenge man’s long-held symbolic superiority (Badiou, True Life 82). The sexuation theory extensively covers the sexual relationship between man and woman and discusses that proper and meaningful sexual relationship is impossible due to the fact both man and woman view it as a place to demand their jouissance. Methodology: Sexual relationship in proper sense, as the sexuation theory implies, is impossible, for man uses it to dominate woman whereas he is basically under delusions of authority (Žižek, Enjoy Symptoms! 156). The sexuation theory publicizes the decline of the Oedipal Father and the late-capitalist phenomenon of orphan bodies that the anal father of jouissance adopts in order to promote frenzied consumerism and monopolized jouissance (Felicia Cosey 6). However, the Oedipal Father’s collapse is followed by the subject’s metamorphosis into the ‘sacrificed body’ that is perplexed with inexplicable che vuoi questions regarding his symbolic value. The Oedipal Father now morbidly envies his son’s firm ties with his wife through what Badiou coins as ‘infantilization’ (Tutt 10). Žižek’s underrating insight to woman as merely “one of the Names of the Father” (Žižek, Enjoy Symptoms 169) is weighed against Badiou’s view of woman as a free agent of herself. This paper finds pertinent the sexuation theory with the psychological disorders of ‘neurosis’, ‘psychosis’, and ‘perversion’, and illustrates the subject’s crushing oscillation between the pleasure of sexual intimacy and the preservation of consciousness and symbolic integrity. Conclusion: The sexual relationship in Lisa Unger’s Fragile is a devastating experience rather than a pleasurable one; indeed, the more they try to enjoy their sexual relationship, the more dismayed they become. Fragile, in line with Žižek’s psychoanalytic hypotheses, demonstrated that authentic sexual relationship is profoundly influenced by the subject’s process of phallic castration that permanently takes him away from the Imaginary Order and the Real encompassed in; therefore, both man and woman presume the sexual relationship as a way to retrieve the lost Real. This article illustrated that in the post-capitalism era, the restrictive Freudian Oedipal Father cannot survive and exert his influence on his household; instead, as the novel of Fragile indicates, the contemporary father is eclipsed by his wife and son’s strong emotional ties that have shaped after he lost his symbolic authority.
Dominique Carnoy-Torabi; Marghrouri SHahrzad
Abstract
Introduction: In the course of one’s life, a person constantly changes due to various environmental and social factors and inevitably adopts new frameworks. One of the most radical changes that a person experiences is the transformation of beliefs and the development of a new identity. In this ...
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Introduction: In the course of one’s life, a person constantly changes due to various environmental and social factors and inevitably adopts new frameworks. One of the most radical changes that a person experiences is the transformation of beliefs and the development of a new identity. In this context, Pierre Bourdieu believes that human being is influenced by factors such as the family, the media, and the governing educational system, and thereby acquires and internalizes a set of schemas, dispositions, and habitus. Serving as a reflection of the realities of the world, literature narrates these developments. Joris-Karl Huysmans’s cycle of four novels—Là-bas (1891), En route (1895) and La cathédrale (1898), and L'Oblat (1903)—is a salient instance of this literature. The author seems to represent the course of spiritual transformations of human being in these works. Drawing on Bourdieu's theory, the present research intends to show how the protagonist changes in these narratives.Background: Sociological criticism, as a method for approaching literary works, helps examine the social dimension of a text. Many researchers in this field such as Marcel Mauss and Bernard Lahire have explored habitus as one of the key concepts of this type of criticism. There are many literary works that exhibit the function of habitus. Prominent examples include Lost Illusions (1843) by Honoré Balzac, Man's Fate by André Malraux (1933), and Submission (2015) by Michel Houellebecq. This research analyzes Huysmans’s cycle of four novels to demonstrate the impact of habitus in triggering social and spiritual transformation in a person. By studying the protagonist—who is a consistent character and [seems to be] the author’s alter ego in all four works—and the actions of other characters as well as the impact they exert on him, and finally by citing examples from all four works, we will show how an individual undergoes personal, spiritual, and social changes when placed in different situations and socializing with people from different spectrums. MethodologyAs a way to decode human behavior and development, habitus is an important subject of social studies and has attracted the attention of many researchers. This paper draws on Bourdieu's theory of habitus, which he proposed to decode and interpret individual and social developments. In Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1979), he refers to habitus as a system of practical structures that directs the actions of social agents. In general, habitus means the set of schemas that a person acquires during their lifetime as a result of interaction with different environments. These schemas include how to eat, dress, and socialize, as well as one’s interests and preoccupations, among others. Conclusion:Analyzing Huysmans’s cycle of four novels with the help of Bourdieu's theory showed that the protagonist, Durtal, was transformed under the influence of society and cultural and religious domains as this character develops new habits such as performing religious acts and practicing spiritual meditation. Thus, our analysis highlighted the extent to which one’s identity, beliefs, behavior, and actions are subject to environmental and social conditions, which are marked by interaction with other social agents. Durtal’s interaction with clerics is a conspicuous instance in this regard. Huysmans has carved out the course of his spiritual development by representing himself through Durtal’s personality.
Leila Babaeinia; بهمن زرینجویی
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the multiple structure of storytelling in Storyteller (1981) by Leslie Marmon Silko (1946- ), an Indian American author using the ideas of Hayden White, Susan Sontag, and Roland Barthes, and to provide a histor- ical-artistic reading concerning the role of images ...
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The purpose of this article is to examine the multiple structure of storytelling in Storyteller (1981) by Leslie Marmon Silko (1946- ), an Indian American author using the ideas of Hayden White, Susan Sontag, and Roland Barthes, and to provide a histor- ical-artistic reading concerning the role of images within the photographs which are intertwined with the culture, life and history of the people of Leguna Pueblo and Silko’s narratives. In other words, the structural and aesthetic relationship between photog- raphy, collective and individual memory, history and storytelling is examined. Having used Lee Marmon’s photographs and traditional narratives of past Silko, similar to a historian, interweaves what happened in the past into a narrative emplotment. In addition, according to White’s view that history is a kind of narrative whose closest relation is with fiction, it can be pointed out that the interpretive patterns of historians are a bridge between the two worlds of history and literature. The photographs in this work are visual-historical documents that record a choherent structure of past experi- ences and events at a specific time and place, which like the historical discourse and remnants enter the realm of time. Thus, from the perspective of modern historiography, these photographs themselves become historical events and are part of the process of decoding the historical events of a nation. Silko’s narratives along with the art of photography and historiography creates a kind of multiple narrative literature and discourse of literary historiography.