narguesse yazdanpanah; morteza babak moeen
Abstract
We have not exaggerated, if we claim that all the poetry of Rene Char is a challenge to the French poetry between the contradictory category of "openness" and "dependence." In fact, in his poetry, we always witness the exuberant desire of the subject to go, escape, and change permanently, and on the ...
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We have not exaggerated, if we claim that all the poetry of Rene Char is a challenge to the French poetry between the contradictory category of "openness" and "dependence." In fact, in his poetry, we always witness the exuberant desire of the subject to go, escape, and change permanently, and on the other hand, the tendency to return to the starting point where the departure had begun. The return is not for permanent stay, but for the subject to take advantage of this initial location as a launch pad, and the launch pad is nothing but an energy source for the subject which looks for openness to discover different possibilities only through relying on the source of energy of the initial locations. The subject of Char never tones to the deceptive charm of closed places where he can repose, but on the contrary, he sees himself continuously ready for permanent vivification. In other words, he would prefer the hazard of departure to indolence. So far, many studies have been done on poems and philosophical themes of Char, and critics have often criticized, studied and analyzed his works. Raychar explores the main themes of the Char's poetry and the dominance of his poetic language. In some part of this work, he analyzes Rambo's poetry in depth. By reading this section, the poet's influence on Char is clear. Char who has also been influenced by the Heraclite ideas, prefers the "permanent movement," "becoming," and "openness" to "the stagnation of rational and rational transparency." Char like Heraclite confirms the existence of a world in which everything, and even the world itself, is always in the midst of change. Therefore, every thought is rejected by the positivist certainty that is based on rational transparency. Char in Marto collection of poetry, quotes from Heraclite: "It should be remembered who forgets where the road ends" (cité par René Char, 1934: 11). This sentence emphasizes the denial of determination the proof that defines all the data beforehand. It can be argued that for Char what is essential is guaranteeing your presence at the moment, a moment that is full of anxiety and risk. The anxiety that comes from going to the unknown discovery that lies ahead of the subject. In fact, for Heraclite, like Char, "escaping from scientific certainty and giving up to the necessary and possible affair, while accepting the risk, is guaranteed to be present at the moment" (Fortier, 1996: 65). Char believes that in order to be present at the moment, we need an eternal death in the moment. In other words, the human being who is constantly witnessing his death at the moment and constantly living death is the living human being, because he is ready to accept new experiences at any moment. The main purpose of this paper is to answer the question that, basically, in the Char’s poetry which poetic images portray these two opposite tendencies, namely, the desire for departure and openness and return to consoling and supporting initiating places in a metaphorical manner.
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2013
Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2014
Abstract
Fyodor Dostoevsky is undoubtedly one of the greatest writers and thinkers of the world. The influence of German philosophy and literature is clear and evident in Dostoevsky works. But looking on the surface of his writings and looking deeper on his works, it seems that Dostoevskey’s impression of German ...
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Fyodor Dostoevsky is undoubtedly one of the greatest writers and thinkers of the world. The influence of German philosophy and literature is clear and evident in Dostoevsky works. But looking on the surface of his writings and looking deeper on his works, it seems that Dostoevskey’s impression of German is full of "Ressentiment" (using Nietzsche’s terminology). But considering the whole context of his creations, one can speak of “German inside” Dostoevsky. Stefan Zweig, one of the important thinkers of our time, suggest the method of “emphatic reading” of Dostoevsky’s life and works. This seems to be the only way for entering in the entire created world of a writer and thinker like Dostoevsky
Sasan Baleghizadeh; Mehrdad Yousefpouri Naeem
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, , Pages 47-68
Abstract
From a linguistic perspective, one of the most challenging aspects of writing is sentence construction. While some sentences are made up of only a single clause, to be more effective in writing, authors often need to combine clauses together to make longer sentences, with the ultimate aim of writing ...
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From a linguistic perspective, one of the most challenging aspects of writing is sentence construction. While some sentences are made up of only a single clause, to be more effective in writing, authors often need to combine clauses together to make longer sentences, with the ultimate aim of writing a composition or a coherent text.Taking a terminological approach, the present study made an attempt to scrutinize a total of 23 grammatical terms often used to teach clauses in writing classes. For this purpose, a corpus of 14 grammar books was developed, and all the 23 terms were looked up and counted in the corpus. In addition, a test of grammatical terminology, made of the same target terms, was administered to 72 BA students of English language and literature at ShahidBeheshti University.Based on the frequency of the terms in the corpus (frequency counts), the results of the terminology test (student familiarity factor), and the analysis of the qualitative data obtained from both the meaning/usage of the terms and the interviews with students, the researchers came up with a modified network of grammatical terms used for teaching clauses, which, if used consistently, could minimize ambiguities and confusions over clause-related terms in ESL/EFL writing instruction.
zahra Taheri
Volume 15, Issue 20 , April 2018, , Pages 173-200
Abstract
The Inheritance of Loss: A Quest for ‘Home’ in the Purgatory of Diaspora
This article focuses on the notion of “non-places” and the effect it exerts on the identity of Diasporic minority through the perspectives of cultural studies and a postcolonialism. Deploying Marc Auge and Rogers Brubaker, ...
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The Inheritance of Loss: A Quest for ‘Home’ in the Purgatory of Diaspora
This article focuses on the notion of “non-places” and the effect it exerts on the identity of Diasporic minority through the perspectives of cultural studies and a postcolonialism. Deploying Marc Auge and Rogers Brubaker, the writer has tried to elaborate how the neo-imperial discourse has been able to re-establish its hierarchical system of “the self/ the other” through the newly introduced notion of “good global citizenry.” To this end, Kiran Desai’s awarded work, The Inheritance of Loss (2006), is discussed to delineate how the notion of “non-places” has its roots in the neo-imperial discourse. It is argued that the West, despite its attempt at racial demarcation and minority effacement, has failed to stop the formation of a new pattern of Diaspora—post-Diaspora--- which foregrounds “situational ethnicity,” and as a result, “fluid identity” and redefined cultural geography in post-global era.
Shahriyar Mansouri
Volume 15, Issue 21 , October 2019, , Pages 237-254
Abstract
In its Deleuzian context of Possibilism truth emerges as an event that is at once impossible and inevitable. Moreover, in its Aristotelian frame, truth is divided in two symbolic forms: speech and written, each including 'noun' and 'verbs' as they subcategories. By examining Samuel Beckett's Murphy (1938), ...
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In its Deleuzian context of Possibilism truth emerges as an event that is at once impossible and inevitable. Moreover, in its Aristotelian frame, truth is divided in two symbolic forms: speech and written, each including 'noun' and 'verbs' as they subcategories. By examining Samuel Beckett's Murphy (1938), this article explores a rather unknown facade of truth, being hidden underneath a radical narratorial voice: the unreliable narrator. To this end, this article will examine the fundamental exigencies and manifestation of unreliable narrator in modern literature, introducing it as not only the locus of Deleuzian incompossibility but also a point of departure for the transformation of this concept; then by examining the available definitions of truth in light of Leibniz, Deleuze and Aristotelian Square of Opposition the article will read Beckett’s Murphy as an exemplar of modern, radical transmutation of truth, defying any previous, structured perception of narratorial truth that suggests a structureless and fluid framework.
Abbas Goudarzi; Alireza Jafari
Volume 14, Issue 19 , October 2018, , Pages 279-296
Abstract
The present paper means to study the cultural tension between the dissident voice and dominant discourse in a selected number of Saul Bellow’s novels. To this end, the theoretical framework of Cultural Materialism is applied based on which there exists tension in the relationship of every literary ...
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The present paper means to study the cultural tension between the dissident voice and dominant discourse in a selected number of Saul Bellow’s novels. To this end, the theoretical framework of Cultural Materialism is applied based on which there exists tension in the relationship of every literary work with its cultural context in which it is produced. The dominant cultural system, however, has to keep its upper status through retrieving and restating its beliefs and ideologies by making them ever acceptable and logically sound to the subjects. As the main player in the field of cultural interactions, the dominant system also has to face and make peace with the new and dissident voices which may present a threat to its stability. This, the dominant system, achieves through containing the dissidence within itself.
In Bellow’s works, dissidence is especially noticeable as he comes from a religious-cultural background (he was from an immigrant Jewish family) whose many values are in sharp contrast with those of the reigning cultural system of American society. Due to this discrepancy and contrast, the writer has set out to present a voice of dissidence through being critical of the sociocultural milieu and taking up a seemingly different way of fiction-writing.Thus, the main focus of this study is to approve of the fact that despite Bellow’s desire for being different from and dissident to the cultural system, his voice is actually contained within and subordinated to the larger community’s perspectives and ideological practices and is even retrieving and reproducing them, because, as Cultural Materialism argues, text is bound with the context of its production and can barely go or act beyond its precepts.
Volume 14, Issue 18 , June 2018, , Pages 287-307
Abstract
The present study is undertaken to apply Stuart Hall’s theory of identity to Edwidge Danticat’s novel The Farming of Bones (1998) within a cultural reading. It specifically draws on the concept of ‘identity as becoming’ which will be traced in this novel’s black female protagonist, Amabelle ...
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The present study is undertaken to apply Stuart Hall’s theory of identity to Edwidge Danticat’s novel The Farming of Bones (1998) within a cultural reading. It specifically draws on the concept of ‘identity as becoming’ which will be traced in this novel’s black female protagonist, Amabelle Desir who experiences various painful adventures that are essential in her identity formation. Various manifestations of social, historical and racial aspects that play vital role in the construction of this young women’s identity will be discussed in the light of Hall’s critical perspective. The distinction between ‘identity as being’ and ‘identity as becoming’ depicted by Danticat is of utmost importance which seems in line with Hall’s definition of these two kinds of identity; however, it later turns to a more profound issue since Amabelle is in a permanent quest for her identity. In this way, a cultural reading of this outstanding novel reveals Danticat’s attempts to create unstable relations and interactions which put this character in a nonstop quest for a lost identity always oscillating between ‘identity as being’ and ‘identity as becoming’. Therefore the traditional view about identity according to which identity is regarded as a fixed and unchangeable entity is rejected throughout the sharp depictions illustrated by the novelist. Amabelle Desir as a diaspora subject is vulnerable to different elements that are imposed on her by time and her surroundings.
Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2014
Mehrdad Bidgoli; Shamsoddin Royanian
Volume 15, Issue 21 , October 2019, , Pages 57-96
Abstract
Emmanuel Levinas, the lesser known twentieth century philosopher, had been influenced by art in his philosophizing before he proposed his new ideas in 1961. Not only was he influenced by art, but paradoxically by literature and a number of great literary figures. Thinkers like Dostoevsky, Gogol, Cervantes ...
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Emmanuel Levinas, the lesser known twentieth century philosopher, had been influenced by art in his philosophizing before he proposed his new ideas in 1961. Not only was he influenced by art, but paradoxically by literature and a number of great literary figures. Thinkers like Dostoevsky, Gogol, Cervantes and other universally-acclaimed figures, consciously or unconsciously, had their hands in his philosophy and he himself pointed to this fact in an interview with Philippe Nemo. But Shakespeare is the one to whom he alluded with specificity. Especially at the outset of his philosophical career from 1947 to 1961, he referred to Shakespeare and his Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet in such a way as if they serve as a direct impact on his philosophical thoughts. Thus, the inspiration he receives from literature seems to be worthy of a further study and analysis. Therefore, this article aims at studying the impact of literature and especially Shakespeare on Levinas. After a brief introduction, the study considers Levinas’s allusions to Shakespeare in various parts of his oeuvre, with an emphasis on Time and the Other. Through such a dialogue, Shakespeare’s position for Levinas will be discussed and his significance for him will be exposed.
Nafiseh Ghazanfari
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, , Pages 195-208
Abstract
In learning second language, the amount of similarity or difference between two language`s phonetic system, has an important effect on student`s learning. It is clear whatever the amount of similarity is more, learning for students will be easier and more difference will increase learning difficulties. ...
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In learning second language, the amount of similarity or difference between two language`s phonetic system, has an important effect on student`s learning. It is clear whatever the amount of similarity is more, learning for students will be easier and more difference will increase learning difficulties. This study, not only explains about consonant sound and phoneme system, but also checks the difference between Chinese and Persian consonant sounds from the perspective of place and manner of articulation, voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated. Meanwhile, an oral test is done to show the effect of difference between Chinese and Persian consonant sounds for learning Chinese consonant sounds by Iranian students which 45 students of ShahidBeheshti University participated in, they read all Chinese consonant sound, and then with checking recorded file, the number of students who pronounce correct or incorrect would be clear. The result from oral test is a supplement for topics which is mentioned in theoretical foundation research study which shows that 10 Chinese consonant sounds have been pronounced correctly by the learners and 11 Chinese consonant sounds which are different with Persian consonant sounds pronounced incorrectly by the learners. Based on the result, with increasing the amount of difference between these two languages, the number of students who pronounce correct decreased. Also these results will prove that the hypothesis of this paper is correctly verified.
Sayyed Rahim Moosavinia
Volume 14, Issue 19 , October 2018, , Pages 297-316
Abstract
The recent experimental spatial turn in geography has developed a plethora of interdisciplinary theories of space. Concerning this turn, studying space, which had previously been subordinated to the study of time in narrative, necessitates the examination of space in the context of poststructuralist ...
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The recent experimental spatial turn in geography has developed a plethora of interdisciplinary theories of space. Concerning this turn, studying space, which had previously been subordinated to the study of time in narrative, necessitates the examination of space in the context of poststructuralist narratology rather than classical narratology. The reconstruction of the structure of space in the temporal continuum of the textual language is limited and depicted in the mind of the reader in association with his or her spatial experiments. Regarding the few Persian studies about place, space, and literary geography, there is no examination of the effects of the experimental spatial turn in the structure of space in narrative. The present research in narratology, whilst comparing the proposed spatial terms of the structuralist and poststructuralist studies, attempts to shed light on the importance of the character and reader in the overall structure of the space that has been influenced by the suggested experimental turn.
Farah Narenji Hassan Kiyadeh
Volume 14, Issue 18 , June 2018, , Pages 309-326
Abstract
Defamiliarization is including all of techniques that are involved in foregrunding and beautification of a literary text. Thus, Author with the elimination of repeat of the languages face, Create Beautiful and influential Language. These techniques will result in delay and expansion of the context ...
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Defamiliarization is including all of techniques that are involved in foregrunding and beautification of a literary text. Thus, Author with the elimination of repeat of the languages face, Create Beautiful and influential Language. These techniques will result in delay and expansion of the context meaning and so the readers will enjoy and take adventage more. The Contemporary and powerful Authors Austrain, Ilse Aichinger, in creating the Mirrorstory didn’t draw the fact like it is as well es Kafka. But with the help of surrealism imaging and variable Methodes of semantic defamiliarization such as the use of paradox and also different types of symbols, masterfully described it in this story and With this outlook Aichinger challenges the readers of his work with regard to the social problems of their time. The present article is an attempt to familiarize the readers with Aichingers’s ideas and her various techniques of semantic deviation and their application in Mirrorstory.
Nematollah Iranzadeh; Hamid Reza Shairi; Nasir Ahmad Arian
Abstract
This study examines the process of transcendental movement of the existential subject in the novel “The coin that Suleiman found” based on the existential semiotics approach Eero Tarasti and Shaieri. In existential semiotics, the subject is an actor who is constantly passing between Dasein ...
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This study examines the process of transcendental movement of the existential subject in the novel “The coin that Suleiman found” based on the existential semiotics approach Eero Tarasti and Shaieri. In existential semiotics, the subject is an actor who is constantly passing between Dasein and Transcendence. This movement continues until it is equipped with the Modal of "knowing" and reaches transcendental Dasein by passing through different Dasein.The main purpose of this study is to see how the ontic subject follows the path of transcendental movement in different Daseins and what force causes it to be thrown from one Dasein to another Dasein. The subject exists in the "realm of nothingness"; in this area, turbulent movement is formed on the axis of "Negation". A system of risk-taking is formed that forces the subject to take the first step to get out of the initial state to reach perfection.The hypothesis of the research is the state of "nothingness" by the intervention of different forces puts the ontic subject on the path of transcendence and transgression and forces him to rebel against his current state and enter the first Dasein. Then, the subject breaks the barrier of several Daseins and reaches perfection by passing through them. Suleiman as the protagonist of this novel goes through the three stages of existential semiotics operation. In the first negative transcendental movement, he enters the Dasein state from the pre-sign. Then, by going through Act-sign, he reaches the post-sign which is the realm of perfection
Hanieh Zaltash; Farid Parvaneh; Narges Montakhabi Bakhtvar
Abstract
IntroductionThe inauguration of electronic literature is highly entwined with the evolution of digital media, in a sense that it is called “digital born,” which refers to the works of art that are created on a computer and meant to be read on a computer. Multimodal web-fictions, also known ...
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IntroductionThe inauguration of electronic literature is highly entwined with the evolution of digital media, in a sense that it is called “digital born,” which refers to the works of art that are created on a computer and meant to be read on a computer. Multimodal web-fictions, also known as the second generation of electronic literature, utilize several modes, including image, sound/music, video, and text. Multimodal web-fictions provide us with the flow of various modes on the screen. Moreover, there is no clue that indicate how we could navigate the digital project. Although reading digital fictions seems problematic, we could unearth instances of particular patterns among various modes/media which are randomly scattered in Illya Szilak’s Queerskins (2012) and Hazel Smith’s Motions (2014), through following Kathrine Hayles’ and Patrik Colm Hogan’ theories. Background of StudyIn Electronic Literature (2019), Scott Rettberg provides a thorough introduction to contemporary genres of digital writing. The book is divided into seven chapters which focus on various genres of electronic literature. The Bloomsbury Handbook of Electronic Literature (2018), edited by Joseph Tabbi, could be considered as the first authoritative reference handbook to the field of Electronic Literature. It consists of four parts This book collects various scholars’ theories, concerning the significant concepts within electronic literature. Daniel Punday, in “Narrativity,” investigates narrativity within electronic literature. He commences by elucidating the evolution of narrativity and how electronic works can create and use narrativity. In “Rebooting Cognition in Electronic Literature,” David Ciccoricco highlights the significance of cognition in electronic literature. Refiguring Minds in Narrative Media (2005) by David Ciccoricco pivots on cognitive issues, including memory, perception, attention, and emotion. He explores aesthetic treatments of cognition in three kinds of narrative media: print novels, digital fiction, and story-driven video games. Methodology This research, on the one hand, aims to divulge the patterns that are hidden in random modes/ media of Queerskins (2012) and Motions (2014) through following Katherine Hayles theories, concerning apophenia. On the other hand, the present study utilizes Patrick Colm Hogan’s theories, regarding emotions and narrative goals, in order to delineate the narrative patterns in the aforementioned works. Redefining narrative as the pursuit of a goal, Hogan, according to Sanskrit theories, claims that every story is formed around at least one of the chief goals because these are the goals around which all human life is ordered. The Indic tradition depicts that the goals of life, also known as the purusārthas, are kāma, artha, moksa, and dharma. These goals trigger particular emotions. Therefore, in Illya Szilak’s Queerskins (2012), Sebastian’s romantic relationships and his self-blame emotions are respectively based on Kama and Moksa, and in Hazel Smith’s Motions (2014), characters’ quest to again social prosperity reveals that their lives are based on artha.ConclusionFollowing Katherine Hayles’ theories, concerning apophenia, it could be argued that narrative patterns could be traced in electronic literature. In other words, various modes/media, which randomly emerge in Illya Szilak’s Queerskins (2012) and Hazel Smith’s Motions (2014), could portray narrative patterns. Although the novels seem fragmented, reading them through Patrick Colm Hogan’s theories, regarding emotions and narrative goals indicates that the underlying pattern is a picture of working memory process when emotions are triggered by life or narrative goals. In Queerskins (2012), narratives are based on Kama and Moksa, and in Motions (2014), narratives are centered on artha. Therefore, the pursuit of the aforementioned goals in Queerskins and Motions creates narrative patterns which challenge randomness of the various modes.
Hoda Shabrang; Bahare Tajik
Abstract
IntroductionNowadays, speaking about immigration and its consequences is a controversial topic of many academic groups. The rise of postcolonialism and immigration has led to indescribable changes in world public affairs. In the field of immigration studies, the individual experiences of women in the ...
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IntroductionNowadays, speaking about immigration and its consequences is a controversial topic of many academic groups. The rise of postcolonialism and immigration has led to indescribable changes in world public affairs. In the field of immigration studies, the individual experiences of women in the diaspora are not significantly considered as the dominant experiences of immigrant men who are still claimed to represent all immigrants. Thus, it can become challenging to examine female migration experiences and it consequences which are ignored and overlooked. For this reason the eminent novel of Mohsin Hamid, Exit West, is chosen. This article carefully examines the consequences of assimilation of female characters in the hybridized Space.Background of the StudyAlthough assimilation to the host cultures in hybridized spaces situates migrant women in impossible situation or inbetween, the transformation of the migrant women’s identities can also become a tool to deconstruct stereotypes of third world women and patriarchal hegemonic discourse. In Exit West the main character, Nadia, is presented as the migrant woman with hybridized identity. The migrant woman is not obliged to choose between two identities, particularly between the cultural identity of the country where she comes from and that where she finds herself. In other words, both identities can co-exist in the same person, dialoguing and promoting cultural understanding. In this way immigrant woman in hybridized space is empowered to move freely between cultures and establish a sense of home and belonging even in her new places. These ideas of identity transformation and identity creation are very evident in Nadia at Exit West, portrayed as a key example of an immigrant woman whose identity is influenced by the places and cultures she encounters around the world. She feels like “vermin” at first in the host culture yet she turns to a beautiful butterfly at the end of the story.MethodologyThe present article explores the ignored parts of female experiences as subalterns in migration and it focuses on the process of their assimilation in the host countries in accordance with the Gayatri Spivak’s theories. Her intention to illustrate that the level where the subaltern could be heard or read cannot be reached because what is said is either ignored, forgotten or it simply disappears from the official, male-centered historical. As the migrant woman’s identity transforms from “somebody” to “nobody”, she further more hopelessly agonizes as she also turns from a former member of a society to someone who is just “the Other”. This predicament of otherness is a universal reality among migrant women as they do not only experience it from people whose nationalities are different from them but also from men with whom they share similar race or background.ConclusionThe idea that female migrants consider their identities as multiple or fluid is a key theme in literary representations of the female migrant experiences in the novel, Exit West. The key point to consider is that such representations of the experience of the migrant woman underlines how this shift in identity does not only come in the form of a physical alteration of her body and geographical crossing of borders but, more so, in her symbolical and psychological being. Despite the number of challenging experiences for migrant women in Exit West, it does overall emphasizes on the positive impact of such migration experiences. In fact, migration is also depicted as an opportunity that opens doors for the migrant woman to be exposed to a multicultural life and to improve her quality of life.
Anita Amiri
Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate how one can apply literary ap- proach strategies to promote the "writing" skill of German students at Iranian uni- versities.Background studies: Writing is a skill that can be learned. In particular, writing technical texts for the university requires appropriate ...
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The aim of this article is to investigate how one can apply literary ap- proach strategies to promote the "writing" skill of German students at Iranian uni- versities.Background studies: Writing is a skill that can be learned. In particular, writing technical texts for the university requires appropriate training and the use of professional methods and strategies. Summarizing a literary text without using the methods and strategies is considered to be rather impossible and these must definitely be acquired. Language and culture have a strong and inseparable rela- tionship. In addition, it goes without saying that communicative skills now also in- clude intercultural skills. You can only learn and understand the foreign language correctly if you also understand the culture. Today, literature as a comprehensive cultural medium is assigned an important role in foreign language didactics for teaching and promoting the four skills (in the sense of reading, listening, speaking and writing).
Sasan Baleghizadeh; مریم مقیمی
Abstract
By acquiring a new language, people can not only come to respect differences, but also realize that they live in a small world. Although there are many positive aspects regarding acquiring a new language, not every person who attempts to learn a new language succeeds in obtaining the ability to effectively ...
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By acquiring a new language, people can not only come to respect differences, but also realize that they live in a small world. Although there are many positive aspects regarding acquiring a new language, not every person who attempts to learn a new language succeeds in obtaining the ability to effectively communicate for several reasons such as losing motivation and confidence towards learning, lack- ing an effective learning environments, and so forth. There is no doubt that teachers play a significant role in producing successful language communicators. Teachers are able to maintain and control students’ motivation towards studying both inside and outside the classroom, which certainly produces students’ confidence in their communication skills. In addition to the significant role of the teacher in the language learning process, students must also make an extensive effort to acquire a target language on their own. After careful consideration of the role of the instructor and learner in language development, we can come to the conclusion that effective lan- guage learning requires fruitful teaching and learner autonomy.
Soudabeh Bashizadeh
Abstract
IntroductionOne of the main reasons for the error in the formation of relative clauses (RC) by Persian language learners who are learning German is the use of the relative pronoun to construct RC in German. In German, the relative pronoun agrees in both gender and number with the word it refers to, while ...
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IntroductionOne of the main reasons for the error in the formation of relative clauses (RC) by Persian language learners who are learning German is the use of the relative pronoun to construct RC in German. In German, the relative pronoun agrees in both gender and number with the word it refers to, while Persian only uses the conjunction "ke" which has no syntactic or semantic connection with the RC it makes. The strategies used to construct RC are also quite different in these two languages. Based on the hypothesis of the present study, it seems that most of the errors in the construction of RC in German occur in two parts: On the one hand, there is the incorrect choice of the relative pronoun by language learners, the reason for which may lie in not using a relative pronoun in Persian. On the other hand, another mistake that can be expected is choosing an irrelevant strategy to make RC. Through analyzing the RC used in the present study, we seek to determine the type(s) of frequent errors in the construction of RC and demonstrate that the results of typological studies can improve the process of foreign and second language teaching.Background of StudyRC in German and Persian have been investigated in several studies. Lehmann (1977), a German linguist, discusses the differences between the construction of restrictive and non-restrictive RC in Persian and how they are shown in the head inside the relative clause. On the other hand, Mahmoudi (2014) deals with the clitic "ye" in the head of RC which functions as an article in Persian. Mahmoudi (2019) also deals with the issue of elements in descriptive RC. Bahrami (2021) has focused on RC in Persian from a typological point of view. In this research, in addition to showing the common strategies in making RC, a comparison has been made with other languages. This study shows that contrary to what is stated in many categories, the Persian language uses several strategies in constructing RC. Also, Voigtmann and Speyer (2021) have dealt with the issue of the correlation between information density and extraposition of RC. In this article, in addition to showing the characteristics of RC in German, it is concluded that the higher the information density is, the more likely the RC is to be extrapolated.MethodologyTo indicate the type of errors of language learners whose mother tongue is Persian in constructing RC, the teachers of three German language classes were asked to provide the sentences that the students have made in their class exercises. A total of 59 language learners, including 32 female learners and 27 male language learners, participated in this study. The youngest learner was 16 years old and the oldest was 50 years old. A total of 1339 RC were collected and examined in the first phase of this research.ConclusionHaving examined the types of errors in RC used in the present study, we observed that out of 191 errors, 145 errors were directly related to our research hypothesis. In other words, most of the errors made in RC are due to the differences in typological strategies used in Persian and German. On the other hand, a hypothesis was raised in the introduction of this paper, stating that due to the similarities between the position of the verb in RC and the posterior position of RC in Persian and German, no error is expected in this section. Contrary to this prediction, it was observed that 44 of the errors related to the research question belonged to an error in the position of RC. Also, in 12 cases, errors were observed in the position of the verbs used in RC. In addition, in this study, we also identified other types of errors that are not related to the typological strategies used in the construction of RC.
mahin moradi; Leili Mesgarzadeh aghdam; Shahram Sahavi
Abstract
Introduction : The learning of German language vocabulary can be investigated from two points of view: "meaning and morphological structure". There are different ways to expand the vocabulary, most of the new words are created by word building method. Since the German language is rich in derivational ...
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Introduction : The learning of German language vocabulary can be investigated from two points of view: "meaning and morphological structure". There are different ways to expand the vocabulary, most of the new words are created by word building method. Since the German language is rich in derivational and compound words, One of the suggested strategies for better learning German vocabulary is teaching vocabulary based on the word-formation knowledge. The two main forms of word formation in the German language are "compounds and derivatives" which make up a wide range of German words, Therefore, the importance of learning German vocabulary based on identifying the root of the word and using morphology becomes more visible. The research problem is that whether there is a relationship between the teachings of morphology and etymology in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary for the learner of this language? This research aims to measure the effect of using morphological and etymological teachings in increasing the learning of potential German vocabulary. The hypotheses of this research are that etymological and morphological teachings help the learner to analyze and understand the meaning of new words and also help the learner to effectively store and expand new German words in memory. Background of the Study: There are various theories in vocabulary acquisition according to experts such as Rainer Bohn, Bernd-Dietrich Müller and others, which Wolfgang Hallet and Frank G. Königs collected in their vocabulary acquisition chapter, including learning words in the text, classifying words in different situations, and synonymous and opposite categories, etc, but what this research deals with is the potential vocabulary and the importance of teaching the rules of word formation in vocabulary lessons. According to Rainer Bohn, it is one of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. because if the learner is familiar with the rules of word formation, It will also have the ability to infer the meaning of many unknown words. And this means that when faced with many new words, he tries to guess the meaning of those words and less needs to refer to the dictionary. Methodologie: For this purpose, an experimental method was used, And it is analytical-field type, during which two identical groups of German translation students were tested.To compare the two groups, their class scores were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test. The result of the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is no significant difference between the scores of the two groups at the five percent level, which means that the two groups were equal and at the same level before the test. Then the vocabulary test was held for two groups. Data analysis in this method is for applying the right statistical or logical technique so that the raw data makes sense. conclusion : Vocabulary test results of both groups showed that the vocabulary of the students who learned vocabulary By identifying the root of the word, morphology and word formation rules was wider than the control group.Thus the test results based on statistical analysis and the T-test were checked. In the T-test, the comparison of the average scores of the two groups is significant at the significant level of one percent, and this itself shows a significant difference between the results of the two groups. The result of the statistical analysis on the experiments as well as the hypotheses of the research evaluates the answers to the research questions positively. Therefore, the results of the research show the positive effect of vocabulary analysis in learning and expanding potential German vocabulary.
Mahdi Nezami; Farid Parvaneh
Abstract
IntroductionMartin Amis’s novels, Time’s Arrow (1991), and London Fields (1989) have many layers of interpretations including historical study by which scientific study may be distilled. Annealing, as a method in metallurgy science, can be taken into consideration for understanding one of ...
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IntroductionMartin Amis’s novels, Time’s Arrow (1991), and London Fields (1989) have many layers of interpretations including historical study by which scientific study may be distilled. Annealing, as a method in metallurgy science, can be taken into consideration for understanding one of the aspects of the novels’ interpretation. The trend of life after passing the social, cultural and historical circulations based on Jean Francois Lyotard and Michel Foucault and their notions of knowledge, power and time is taken back to its original condition and culminates in recreation.Background StudiesSacido about Martin Amis’s works writes that he condensed the spirit of the times while looking back to authors of the canonical tradition in the form of inter-textual games (235). Johnson mentions that we can describe the mysteries of love as the result of strong annealing process while under the influence of some patterns can trigger high energy states (3).MethodologyThis paper is an attempt to reveal Martin Amis’s selected novels as the process of a dynamic trend by which the original condition is recreated as a result of being stuck in the social circulation. The character circulates in the process of society and achieves new acquired being.ConclusionThe main characters of the both novels have a return from death to life or form the synthesized identity to the original identity through the process of annealing as a result of resonance.
Kaveh Bahrami Sobhani
Abstract
IntroductionOne of the main reasons for the error in the formation of relative clauses (RC) by Persian language learners who are learning German is the use of the relative pronoun to construct RC in German. In German, the relative pronoun agrees in both gender and number with the word it refers to, while ...
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IntroductionOne of the main reasons for the error in the formation of relative clauses (RC) by Persian language learners who are learning German is the use of the relative pronoun to construct RC in German. In German, the relative pronoun agrees in both gender and number with the word it refers to, while Persian only uses the conjunction "ke" which has no syntactic or semantic connection with the RC it makes. The strategies used to construct RC are also quite different in these two languages. Based on the hypothesis of the present study, it seems that most of the errors in the construction of RC in German occur in two parts: On the one hand, there is the incorrect choice of the relative pronoun by language learners, the reason for which may lie in not using a relative pronoun in Persian. On the other hand, another mistake that can be expected is choosing an irrelevant strategy to make RC. Through analyzing the RC used in the present study, we seek to determine the type(s) of frequent errors in the construction of RC and demonstrate that the results of typological studies can improve the process of foreign and second language teaching.Background of StudyRC in German and Persian have been investigated in several studies. Lehmann (1977), a German linguist, discusses the differences between the construction of restrictive and non-restrictive RC in Persian and how they are shown in the head inside the relative clause. On the other hand, Mahmoudi (2014) deals with the clitic "ye" in the head of RC which functions as an article in Persian. Mahmoudi (2019) also deals with the issue of elements in descriptive RC. Bahrami (2021) has focused on RC in Persian from a typological point of view. In this research, in addition to showing the common strategies in making RC, a comparison has been made with other languages. This study shows that contrary to what is stated in many categories, Persian language uses several strategies in constructing RC. MethodologyIn order to indicate the type of errors of language learners whose mother tongue is Persian in constructing RC, the teachers of three German language classes were asked to provide the sentences that the students have made in their class exercises. A total of 59 language learners, including 32 female learners and 27 male language learners, participated in this study. The youngest learner was 16 years old and the oldest was 50 years old. A total of 1339 RC were collected and examined in the first phase of this research.ConclusionHaving examined the types of errors in RC used in the present study, we observed that out of 191 errors, 145 errors were directly related to our research hypothesis. In other words, most of the errors made in RC are due to the differences in typological strategies used in Persian and German. On the other hand, a hypothesis was raised in the introduction of this paper, stating that due to the similarities between the position of the verb in RC and the posterior position of RC in Persian and German, no error is expected in this section. Contrary to this prediction, it was observed that 44 of the errors related to the research question belonged to an error in the position of RC. Also, in 12 cases, errors were observed in the position of the verbs used in RC. In addition, in this study, we also identified other types of errors that are not related to the typological strategies used in the construction of RC.
Vafa Keshavarzi; Sarah Catherine Ilkhani
Abstract
Defining female subjectivity has always been a challenge, from its modern conception by Sigmund Freud to its most recent analysis by contemporary feminist critics. Basing female subjectivity on an inherent lack in the psychology of Freud and later Jacques Lacan, promoted feminist critics like Luce Irigaray ...
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Defining female subjectivity has always been a challenge, from its modern conception by Sigmund Freud to its most recent analysis by contemporary feminist critics. Basing female subjectivity on an inherent lack in the psychology of Freud and later Jacques Lacan, promoted feminist critics like Luce Irigaray and Judith Butler to reinstate the concept in their theories. For Irigaray, females have their own unique subjectivity that is manifested in the difference of their bodies and language from those of males. She contends that this difference should be revealed not bridged or concealed. Judith Butler, believes that it is only through resistance and agency that a true subjectivity is revealed. The present article is a feminist study of women subjectivity in speculative literature. Feminist speculative literature has its primary goal in altering women’s debilitating self-image so that they can act upon such changes and make ideal societies based upon their new self-conceptions. Octavia E. Butler, writer of Dawn and Parable of the Sower and Parable of the Talents, renders a resistant picture of females who go beyond their immediate male dominated environment and perform something that is near to Irigaray and Judith Butler’s conception of female subjectivity.
Saeid Behnoud; Negar Sharif; Zahra Bordbari
Abstract
Introduction: As the investigation of the Wessex’s paratextual material reveals, Hardy’s insightful conviction on the primacy of emotional reasoning over logical cognition in the mind’s nexus informs his predetermined intentionality in assigning the impressionistic elicitation of affective ...
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Introduction: As the investigation of the Wessex’s paratextual material reveals, Hardy’s insightful conviction on the primacy of emotional reasoning over logical cognition in the mind’s nexus informs his predetermined intentionality in assigning the impressionistic elicitation of affective responsiveness as the ultimate mission of his literary compositions. Accordingly, the Wessex novelist develops a sophisticated fabric of interconnected narrative strategies to effectively evoke and enlist the subject readers’ empathetic identification with the desolately suffering protagonists. Since humankind is condemned to the inflictions of a sinisterly indifferent universe in Hardy’s fixated philosophy, the affective investments of his impressionistic narratives purportedly aim at the altruistic propagation of empathetic compassion to rectify moral degeneration. However, it is critical to reconsider the functional basis of the Wessex’s methodical dominion on emotional susceptibilities in the scope of contemporary research in affective narratology since the instrumental capitalization on affective realism harbors grave capacity for engraving the intended versions of perceived reality. Background of the Study: The recent investigations carried out in the multidisciplinary scope of neuroscience attest to the pre-eminence of emotional susceptibilities over reasoning faculty in the mind network revolutionizing the conventional theories on the cognitive function in the reality perception process. The revitalized focus on the overarching emotional orientation of the mind’s cognitive performance extends to literature in the sub-domain of affective narratology and informs the analytical research on its function and impact in narratives by such renowned scholars as Suzanna Keen. In Empathy and the Novel, Keen discusses the stylistic features and strategic techniques that elicit empathetic responsiveness in the narrative discourses leading to the subject readers’ affective identification with the represented fictional characters or situations. “Narrative Empathy Theory” and “Introduction: Narratives and Emotions” incorporate Keen’s evaluation of the role of discursive elements such as characterization style and narrator’s function in the empathetic enlistment process and provide innovative concepts in the categorization of the various strategies of empathetic evocation in the narrative discourses that perform as “ideoartistic battlefields”.Methodology: The theoretical framework and the discourse analysis procedures in affective narratology are informed by the current research in the interconnected branches of knowledge. The remarkable investigations of such prominent scholars as Suzanna Keen in affective narratology challenge the long-established emotion-reason binary by emphasizing the determining primacy of emotional susceptibility in the reciprocal interaction of the mind nexus’s cognitive and affective faculties in forming the interpretation gestalts of literary narrative discourses. Investigating the process of the Wessex’s affective impressionism through the analytical discursive reassessments in light of the latest neuro-scientific theories is crucial in uncovering the functional bases of Hardy’s methodical efficiency in the strategic capitalization on the audience’s empathetic identification.Conclusion: The saturated impressionism of the Wessex narratives is significantly enforced by the remarkable correspondence of the interconnected discursive strategies with the latest findings on the primary role of the mind’s affective faculty in shaping perceptions of reality. The stylistic assessment of Hardy’s narrative techniques to capitalize on empathetic identification indicates the substantial correspondence of his realistic representations with the principles of affective realism in present-day theories. The compelling urge on the subject readers’ affective susceptibilities is emphatically enforced through the discursive applications of the parallelism between the mind’s inner emotional valences with the projections of the outer world, their reciprocal interdependency in the forming the gestalt of a perceived cognitive reality and the consequent conception of the intentionality of an outer sentiency. However, the Wessex’s overwhelming investment in affective impressionism alarmingly facilitates the channeling of the dark ideological propositions of a sinister philosophy through the self-prophesizing transfigurations of reality that can act as deterministic forces in fashioning the individuals’ reciprocal interactions with the socio-cultural context.
Maryam Shokouhi
Abstract
Zadie Smith, as a writer intimately associated with London, attacks the false concept of purity and unity in multicultural societies. In The Autograph Man (2002), she depicts the obsessions of Alex Li-Tandem who is half-Jewish and half-Chinese living in the suburban heartland of Jewish London, Mountjoy. ...
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Zadie Smith, as a writer intimately associated with London, attacks the false concept of purity and unity in multicultural societies. In The Autograph Man (2002), she depicts the obsessions of Alex Li-Tandem who is half-Jewish and half-Chinese living in the suburban heartland of Jewish London, Mountjoy. Alex is not a social person at the opening of the novel, and cannot relate to his Jewish background or people surrounding him. So, he starts collecting autographs to compensate for the lack he faces in life. A one- to-one relationship between the subject’s path from "marginalization" to "separation" and, "integration", reclaiming his identity and the role of the Other could be pursued in the novel. In other words, family, place of residence, friends, and religion are significant in the acculturation process that Alex goes through from childhood to adulthood. Con- trary to Smith’s previous works, the novel emphasizes less on the multicultural issues centered on the land and more on religious identity.