Zahra Taheri
Abstract
Introduction: despite the popularity of realistic historical novel in the nineteenth century, especially in works by Sir Walter Scott, as the prime genre for the representation of bourgeois class and its value system, it is the postmodern version which has surpassed its ancestor and put this literary ...
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Introduction: despite the popularity of realistic historical novel in the nineteenth century, especially in works by Sir Walter Scott, as the prime genre for the representation of bourgeois class and its value system, it is the postmodern version which has surpassed its ancestor and put this literary genre once more back into popularity. However, this return is not as innocent as that of an offspring to his predecessors. It involves a harsh critique of the past and the disclosure of “history” as mere construct, despite its “totalizing” claim.Background of Study: Alongside Lyotard’s seminal work, The Condition of Postmodernism and Hutcheon’s A Poetics of Postmodernism, as two major critical works deployed in this study, the article considers Sublime Desire by Elias as well. It also utilizes A Thousand Plateaus by Gilles Deleuze and Guattari to elaborate on the notion of mosaic and assemblage. Furthermore, it has used Barton Thurber’s article, “Scott and the Sublime,” to discuss the relation between the historical novels and the notion of sublime.Methodology and Argument: through the perspective of left thinkers such as Hutcheon, Lyotard, and Deleuze, the writer tries to discuss how the American historical novel, which once established itself as a primary literary genre to undertake the mission of history making in the United States, has recently been used to unsettle the glamorous history by paying tribute to the voices gone silent through the white’s oppression and violence. Tuned into the liberal humanism, the historical novel, in fact, denies American nation its heterogenic nature to preserve the binary of “us” versus “them” intact while trying to keep its democratic face. However, with the arrival of postmodernism and the challenges posed to “grand narratives,” history proved the most problematic narratives whose critique redefined the way the world was once interpreted. Questioning the univocality, teleology, and linearity imposed on history, postmodernism revealed the heteroglossic, multilayered, circular nature of history which have been overshadowed by the liberal humanistic discourse. Such features put history in close relation with the concept of romance and fantastic and gave rise to a literary genre called historical romance. Set along with romance, the official history was, thus, reduced to a narrative among other ones and the hierarchical outlook was collapsed with the emergence of other narratives competing for the same attention and worth. The result was the replacement of the notion of history with “histories” and a rewriting of the past and what had been the established truth of a nation’s history. This act per se led to the emergence of meta-historical novels which focus on the discursive formation of the official history and the uncertainty surrounding the reality of the past which resemble the notion of sublime. Conclusion: The meta-historical romance or the postmodern version of the conventional historical novel is, in fact, a counter part to once realistic, linear, teleological, and mono-vocal works of the nineteenth century. In other words, this new version goes in tandem with the postmodern notions of fragmentation, mosaic, assemblage, non-linearity, and multi-perspectivism which deny an established, universal, and totalized version of reality and pave the way for the oppressed and stifled voices which were subject to the hierarchies of liberal humanism. In that way, these kinds of novels try to approach the history again and redefine the already-established, oppressive narratives. Since this redefinition turns the established history into a “construct,” one cannot grasp the reality of history any more, as one cannot comprehend the notion of sublime. It is out there, but out of touch. This fact welcomes heterogeneity and lets go of a hierarchical social structure for a horizontal one.
Volume 10, Issue 14 , October 2015, , Pages 181-194
Abstract
The present research is an analysis of two short stories by J. D. Salinger, A Perfect Day for Bananafish and De Daumier Smith’s Blue Period through Michel Foucault’s critical thinking and theories. Salinger is a writer whose works have attracted readers worldwide and his works are known around the ...
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The present research is an analysis of two short stories by J. D. Salinger, A Perfect Day for Bananafish and De Daumier Smith’s Blue Period through Michel Foucault’s critical thinking and theories. Salinger is a writer whose works have attracted readers worldwide and his works are known around the world and brought him fame. The focus of this essay is the analysis of these works from the perspective of Foucault’s critical theories to show how power controls and shapes the characters and their relations. The concept of disciplinary institutions, as one of Foucault’s main notions, is a major concept in these stories. The other notions which are used in this study are discourse, biopolitics and power. Foucault believes that social institutions take hold of the bodies and minds of people and shape and control them. In A Perfect Day for Bananafish hospital as a social institution, the discourse of medicine and distinguishing people as normal or abnormal, which is a tool for power to use it to control its subjects are discussed. The notion of biopolitics in the story is studied as well. In De Daumier Smith’s Blue period the control of power over people’s behavior and relationship is analyzed. Power relations and the way power teaches people how to behave and control each other are also discussed.
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2013
Volume 7, Issue 1 , June 2014
Abstract
Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, is considered to be the most impressive account of an African culture being affected by European culture. The novel was written to provide an authentic account of African culture and to portray the detrimental effect of the Europeans’ arrival on the invaded lands. ...
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Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, is considered to be the most impressive account of an African culture being affected by European culture. The novel was written to provide an authentic account of African culture and to portray the detrimental effect of the Europeans’ arrival on the invaded lands. Drawing on Gerard Genette’s theory of narrative, we attempted to discover the story/text discrepancies of the novel. Given that Genette mostly concentrated on the level of text, this study would additionally benefit from Seymour Chatman’s theory on narrative. In unearthing the difference of the plotted course of events from their actual route, we gave special attention to the narrative time and its manifestation in the level of text. We particularly answered to this question that how Achebe brings narrative time at his disposal to fulfill his divergent intention in the two parts of the novel. In so doing, Genette’s definition of narrative time, embracing three elements of order, duration, and frequency, as well as Chatman’s definition of the building blocks of story is provided. The researchers, then, magnified the function of narrative time throughout the novel. The result of this study not only demonstrated the want of story in the first part of the novel, but also revealed how Achebe’s different intentions necessitated dissimilar duration and order of presentation of incidents in the two halves of the novel. It should be mentioned that no discrepancy was observed between the level of story and text in terms of frequency
Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2014
Abstract
Despite the fervent interpretations on Beckett's later works, this fact is usually ignored in his studies that he escaped representation and mere expression in his writings. The question of the relation of representation and tracing the variations of this relation can involve Beckett interpretation with ...
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Despite the fervent interpretations on Beckett's later works, this fact is usually ignored in his studies that he escaped representation and mere expression in his writings. The question of the relation of representation and tracing the variations of this relation can involve Beckett interpretation with the problem of interpretation itself (and not merely its object). Thus, an approach to Beckett's text can be taken in which the text is directly experienced on the borders of language. Beckett's text can be treated as performative where language remains on its surface and insists on its materiality instead of going any deeper in representation. Following such a resistance to interpretation in Lodge's reading of Beckett's 'Ping' shows how textual approaches based on mere representation (and ignoring the performative sides of language) will necessarily fall into undecidability and are justified only by the plurality of possible meanings in Beckett's texts. Discerning a latent narrating 'eye' running on an undifferentiated homogeneous surface (in Beckett's 'Ping'), one may witness the performance of an eye in Beckett's text that is involved with its 'unseeing' and a language involved with its 'unsaying'.
Mohammad Hossein Haddadi; Hossein Sarkar Hassankhan
Volume 15, Issue 20 , April 2018, , Pages 51-63
Abstract
Many of the poems in Bertolt Brecht's plays serve the narrative theater and give as one of the key elements of the alienation technique an especial effect to his narrative narratives. However, Brecht, in line with his intellectual transformation regarding to his political and social positions, has also ...
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Many of the poems in Bertolt Brecht's plays serve the narrative theater and give as one of the key elements of the alienation technique an especial effect to his narrative narratives. However, Brecht, in line with his intellectual transformation regarding to his political and social positions, has also written independent poems, in which he has taken up positions on the political, social and economic issues of the day. These poems, in line with his ideology and following the transformation in his political and social ideas, are distant from his earlier poems regarding the form and content. Brecht does not have much in common with the concept of love in his artistic life due to his political views of the day, however the present essay seeks to show with a view to his lyrical poems that love has a role - although not a very strong one - in his artistic life.
Massumeh Takallu; Behzad Barekat
Volume 15, Issue 21 , October 2019, , Pages 97-102
Abstract
The nineteenth century is known as the age of imperialism and colonialism and the contemporary British power discourse is characterized by imperialist and colonialist ambitions: thus, imperialism can be an indispensible part of reading and evaluating the 19th-century British literature. Looking for the ...
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The nineteenth century is known as the age of imperialism and colonialism and the contemporary British power discourse is characterized by imperialist and colonialist ambitions: thus, imperialism can be an indispensible part of reading and evaluating the 19th-century British literature. Looking for the silenced ethnologic voices, we undertake, in the present essay, to examine Charlotte Brontё’s Jane Eyre (1847) through the prism of New Historicism. We actually endeavor to detect and reveal the ways in which and the extent to which the Victorian dominant power operations implicitly wrote and established itself into the text of Jane Eyre as a typical mid-nineteenth century English novel despite the novel’s blatant resistances to racism and racial oppressions. The novel introduces the foreign characters or those who are physically and mentally attributed to the non-English identity as threats to the middle-class, domestic, English identity of its heroine, Jane. The present essay closely studies the representation, in Jane Eyre, of three non-English races namely the Creole, the Irish, and the French. Presenting its socio-historical and textual evidences, the essay concludes in the conviction that possessing a dialectical texture, Jane Eyre is, at the same time, explicitly an anti-racist and implicitly a racist novel.
Volume 11, Issue 15 , October 2015, , Pages 149-169
Abstract
The present study seeks to read Shakespeare’s 1 Henry IV from a cultural materialist perspective. As cultural materialism attempts to bring into consideration those marginalized and dissident voices which threaten the legitimacy and coherence of the dominant discourses from within, this study introduces ...
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The present study seeks to read Shakespeare’s 1 Henry IV from a cultural materialist perspective. As cultural materialism attempts to bring into consideration those marginalized and dissident voices which threaten the legitimacy and coherence of the dominant discourses from within, this study introduces Hotspur as one of the representatives of such dissidence in Shakespeare’s 1 Henry IV. Through his act of rebellion against the king, Hotspur problematizes the authenticity of the official ideological doctrine regarding divinity of the kings still prevalent during playwright’s time. He questions the plausibility of such a discourse. By challenging this notion, Hotspur doubts the rightfulness of King Henry IV who achieved his throne not through the will of God but through deceit and trickery. Although he is killed by his rival Prince Harry at the end of the play, through his disobedience Hotspur puts the political and ideological systems into disarray.
Alireza Farahbakhsh; Rezvaneh Ranjbar Sheykhani
Abstract
This article aims to investigate the different effects of the concept of the subaltern in the major characters of Lahiri’s The Namesake in terms of Gayatri Spivak and Homi Bhabha’s theories. One of the important and central issues in cultural studies and postcolonial literature, which has ...
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This article aims to investigate the different effects of the concept of the subaltern in the major characters of Lahiri’s The Namesake in terms of Gayatri Spivak and Homi Bhabha’s theories. One of the important and central issues in cultural studies and postcolonial literature, which has received much attention in the recent decades, is the notion of the subaltern. The central questions of the article are: Can the components associated with the concept of the subaltern be traced in The Namesake? How do the main characters react to their portrayal as ‘the other’ and ‘the inferior’? Do they manage to ‘speak’ and construct an identity that negates ‘otherness’ and ‘inferiority’? To answer the questions, manifestations of the concept of the subaltern are analyzed in the demeanor, identity and social interactions of Ashima (the main character of the first generation) and Gogol (the main character of the second generation). Ashima and Gogol’s conscious and unconscious strategies for liberation from subalternity and creation of a socially equal identity are also explored. The article shows that in The Namesake, immigration affects not only the identity of the first generation immigrants but also the identity of their children. Subalternity is discernible in Ashima’s arranged marriage, her sheer dependence on her family and husband, pregnancy, immigration and also in Gogol’s name and his relationships with white Americans. Ashima, who initially rejects the Western culture, gradually comes to appreciate it and adapt herself to it. Also, Gogol who always shunned his true identity and cultural roots, in time takes interest in Indian culture. The article also indicates that hybrid and ambivalent identities create a voice for subalterns and give them a sense of power and belonging, so much so that they become ‘the self’ (in contrast with ‘the other’) in the new cultural context.
Ensiyeh Darzinejad; Leila Baradaran Jamili
Volume 14, Issue 19 , October 2018, , Pages 169-186
Abstract
The concept of home is pivotal in diaspora studies. Mohja Kahf (1967- ), the Syrian Muslim novelist residing in the United States, challenges the fixity of home in her diasporic novel, The Girl in Tangerine Scarf (2006). The efforts of her heroine, Khadra, to find home in the fixed geographical territories, ...
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The concept of home is pivotal in diaspora studies. Mohja Kahf (1967- ), the Syrian Muslim novelist residing in the United States, challenges the fixity of home in her diasporic novel, The Girl in Tangerine Scarf (2006). The efforts of her heroine, Khadra, to find home in the fixed geographical territories, such as Syria, United States, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait, are futile. She finds out that as a diasporic subject, instead of trying to satisfy her desire for home, she has to please her homing desire. Taking part in the community of Muslim religious rituals such as Haj pilgrimage and congregational prayer enables her to create a translocal space for herself. This space is engendered round the pivotal point of religious belief and the plurality and multiplicity of transnational Islamic community. The present study regards translocality as a solution to the challenge of home in diaspora. James Clifford, Avtar Brah, Katherine Brickell and Ayona Datta, and Tim Oakes and Louisa Schein are among the main theoretician of this research.
Farzaneh Karimian; Ghazaleh Haji Hassan Arezi
Volume 14, Issue 18 , June 2018, , Pages 171-190
Abstract
Seeing that Tehran has been treated, in so many disciplines, by its different aspects, it is also seems necessary to do a litteray global research on this city. Except the remarkable Stari’s study, who, on the myth of Tehran (1384), has made this city the subject of his mythological research, unfortunately, ...
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Seeing that Tehran has been treated, in so many disciplines, by its different aspects, it is also seems necessary to do a litteray global research on this city. Except the remarkable Stari’s study, who, on the myth of Tehran (1384), has made this city the subject of his mythological research, unfortunately, there is not any other good study on this matter. In this paper, we tried to approach Tehran with geographical criticism that we are going to introduce in detail. This method has been presented by Bertrand Westphal in 2007. The two works on which we will apply this approach, belong to either insider’s and outsider’s point of view, in order to satisfy the geographical criticism needs of multifocality. The descriptions of Tehran given in the works and the role it plays in each of them, are totally different. The aim of the study is to know, by means of the geographical criticism, what are the forms of fictional universe presented by the two authors?
Fatemeh Sokout Jahromi; محمدحسین جواری; الله شکر اسداللهی
Abstract
چکیده: ژئوپوئتیک، نظریهی نوظهور نقد ادبی و هنری ست که به اهمیت و نقش مکان در آثار ادبی و هنری میپردازد. ژئوپوئتیک رویکردی باز و بینارشتهایست. این رویکرد علاوه بر ...
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چکیده: ژئوپوئتیک، نظریهی نوظهور نقد ادبی و هنری ست که به اهمیت و نقش مکان در آثار ادبی و هنری میپردازد. ژئوپوئتیک رویکردی باز و بینارشتهایست. این رویکرد علاوه بر تلفیق ادب و جغرافیا با علوم و رشتههای دیگر نظیر فلسفه، با کوچگرایی (نومادیسم) در ارتباط است. اگرجه این رویکرد نوظهور است اما پشتوانه فلسفی و تاریخی عمیقی دارد و نشان میدهد که پایه گذارانش مطالعاتی عمیق بر علوم شرق و غرب داشته اند. ژئوپوئتیک دیدگاهیست که میتواند نشان دهد چرا مکان در داستانی اهمیت ویژهای دارد و کارکرد آن چیست. در این پژوهش سعی بر آن داریم که علاوه بر معرفی ژئوپوئتیک، خوانشی ژئوپوئتیکی از داستان گلهای زوال، اثر پاتریک مودیانو ارائه دهیم و به این سوال پاسخ دهیم که نام های پیوستهی مکان در داستان پاتریک مودیانو چه نقشی در داستان ایفا میکنند؟ و چگونه مکانها به شخصیت داستان کمک میکند تا او به شناخت بیشتری از خود و دیگری دست یابد؟
Zahra Salari; Ali Khazaee Farid; Shahla Sharifi
Abstract
Translation is not just the transference of source text elements to the target text. In this process, the translator faces so many challenges, one of which is the pragmatic aspects of the text. This subject is not considered by many scholars and researchers. Translators sometimes focus solely on the ...
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Translation is not just the transference of source text elements to the target text. In this process, the translator faces so many challenges, one of which is the pragmatic aspects of the text. This subject is not considered by many scholars and researchers. Translators sometimes focus solely on the vocabulary and textual structure of the text and overlook the hidden dimensions and layers of it. This problem is much more frequent in film translation because films are based upon dialogues and deal with these hidden dimensions. The present research tries to elaborate the categories that researchers have previously suggested for pragmatic aspects of the text and then showing their representations in dubbing translation by giving some examples. To this end, some samples from four English films which were dubbed into Persian were chosen. Then, the cases were analyzed and pragmatic representation become evident in dubbing translation. In these cases, it can be observed how translators changed these hidden aspects of the original films.
Volume 10, Issue 14 , October 2015, , Pages 195-214
Abstract
Recently, The approach or systematic attitude has been played as efficient tool, complement of specialized studies of various phenomenon in knowledge various areas and caused the comprehensive and multi-dimension understanding from the reason and the way phenomenon and happenings took place especially ...
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Recently, The approach or systematic attitude has been played as efficient tool, complement of specialized studies of various phenomenon in knowledge various areas and caused the comprehensive and multi-dimension understanding from the reason and the way phenomenon and happenings took place especially in recent decades which knowledge have encountered with production and accumulation of diverse specialized data and based on classic knowledge tradition, tried to analyze the system components and found the relationship among components relying on changes made based on analytical procedures in order to express the whole behavior of system. These analytical procedures were based on two presuppositions, firstly, no interaction existed between components or poor interaction existed among them, so that the system components could have exact separation capability and secondly, the relationship between components was describable with simple linear equations. Nowadays, by have a closer look on Rival theory and non-linear math thereof, it is obvious that the interaction between all system components have not followed two aforesaid conditions, therefore, it is necessary to have a general attitude in system analysis. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the concept of meaning and the way it formed in complex systems and then to compare the mechanism and the results of the process in which led to produce meaning in Complexity theory by one of modern semiotic components called “Adjustment system of Landowski”. In this analysis, it is obvious that meaning production process was effected on biological level besides cultural and social levels in both theoretical areas.
Mohsen Shojaee; Bahram Mehrabian
Abstract
IntroductionIn the paper collocations are introduced and their significance in teaching foreign languages is discussed. During the last decades there has been a growing attention to word combination and its significance in teaching foreign languages. Word combinations, of course, include free word combinations, ...
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IntroductionIn the paper collocations are introduced and their significance in teaching foreign languages is discussed. During the last decades there has been a growing attention to word combination and its significance in teaching foreign languages. Word combinations, of course, include free word combinations, fixed word combinations and even idioms. But collocations are different from all other forms of word combinations. In spite of this fact collocations are mostly ignored in the text books of Russian language in Iran.Background of the StudyIn Russia word combinations in Russian language were in the center of attention from 19th century. But the first famous linguist who determined so called “complex word combinations” was Filip Fortunatov. He used this term to differ this kind of word combinations from complex words. But the word “collocations” for the first time was introduced in A Dictionary of Linguistic terms by O. Akhmanova in 1966. Then collocations were fully discussed in a small, but comprehensive book by E. Borisova in 1995. From then Borisova’s book has been the main source in all discussions about colocations. In Iran M. Bateni was the first linguist who tried to describe the meaning and function of collocations in Persian language. After several decades also by him the first dictionary of English and Persian colocations was written. In their article Valipour and Rahbari discussed the verbal Russian colocations. They demonstrated that in Iran not much effort has been made to study collocations in order to use them in teaching Russian language.MethodologyIn this corpus-based study the syntactic and lexical-semantic patterns were used to determine syntactic structures used in Russian attributive and genitive collocations and in their Persian equivalents. The research carried on by using a corpus containing approximately 400 Russian collocations, which have either attributive (Adj. + N.) or genitive (N. + N.) structures. Some famous and common classifications of collocations are analyzed. As the result of the analysis the classification, in which collocations are classified from the syntactic point of view into two groups a) verbal collocations and b) nominal (attributive and genitive) collocations, is proposed as the more proper one in teaching foreign languages. The main question of the research is that how much synonymous Persian and Russian collocations coincide and in which degree it is necessary to include collocations into the programs of teaching Russian to Iranian students. The structural (syntactic) and lexical-semantic features of collocations are discussed and it is demonstrated that from both structure and lexical-semantic points of view which correlation is there between Russian and Persian collocations. The obtained correlation shows that while attributive collocations dominate in Russian collocations, but their Persian equivalents mainly have genitive structure. On the other hand, lexical-semantic analysis proved that there is a little concordance between Russian and Persian collocations. The amount of non-concord pairs of Russian and Persian collocations was highly more than concord ones.ConclusionThe practical conclusion of the article is showing necessity of including the collocations as a separate subject in Russian language curriculum. The authors also proposed that the subject should lead to develop 3 following skills among students: 1) the skill of recognizing collocations (fixed word combinations); 2) the skill of recognizing the agreement (concordance) or disagreement (non-concordance) of Russian collocations with their Persian equivalents: 3) the skill of changing the structure of colocations (from genitive to attributive, while translating from Persian into Russian and from attributive to genitive, while translating from Russian into Persian), where this is necessary.
Mahboubeh Fahimkalam
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, , Pages 209-236
Abstract
Antichrista, a novel by AmélieNothomb, narrates distress and conflict of its characters. The author portrays the mental status of the characters such as shyness, self-effacement, dependency, lying, contempt and pride. Both succoring and Supremacist characters created by Nothomb in this novel are evocative ...
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Antichrista, a novel by AmélieNothomb, narrates distress and conflict of its characters. The author portrays the mental status of the characters such as shyness, self-effacement, dependency, lying, contempt and pride. Both succoring and Supremacist characters created by Nothomb in this novel are evocative of the personality types addressed by Horne in her psychological theories. Being one of the great theoreticians of psychoanalysis field, Karen Horney attached importance to social and cultural elements in formation of human character. She disagreed with Freudian views on psychoanalysis and finally presented an innovative approach to different behaviors associated with personality types. This article analyzes Antichristaby Amélie Nothomb based on Horny psychological theories.
maral keramat; jalal sokhanvar
Volume 12, Issue 16 , April 2016, , Pages 213-235
Abstract
Emerson’s Transcendentalism, in which both humanity and the cosmos participate, shares the manifestation of Over Soul in Hallaj’s union with Absolute. Meanwhile, the meditation of Plato’s cosmology and spiritual knowledge resulted in the contemplation of Essence and the relations of being so that ...
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Emerson’s Transcendentalism, in which both humanity and the cosmos participate, shares the manifestation of Over Soul in Hallaj’s union with Absolute. Meanwhile, the meditation of Plato’s cosmology and spiritual knowledge resulted in the contemplation of Essence and the relations of being so that one might be able to grasp the intuitive knowledge of Absolute Essence. The intuition of Essence uncovers the truth of beings and directed our attention to the fundamental Essence. Besides, Plato’s definition of Absolute in terms of the theory of Form and Idea opens a way to the universal acceptance of Mysticism by its followers. In order to grasp an intuitive knowledge of Essence, it is required to find a shared language among different cultures. This research is started by stating the fact that Plato’s Good within the framework of Gnostic Idealism will lead us towards the shared language. Then, it is mentioned that a comparative study of Hallaj’s and Emerson’s outlook reveals that these two mystics have marvelous similarities whereas they have different language, culture and religious sect. Indeed, their platonic Gnosticism is shadowed by Plato’s Idealism.
Volume 6, Issue 1 , October 2013
Volume 7, Issue 1 , June 2014
Volume 6, Issue 2 , June 2014
Abstract
The present article studies Tony Kushner’s Angels in America in the light of Hubert Zapf’s theory of “literature as cultural ecology” and demonstrates how as a result of the interactions between the three major discourses of the drama, namely cultural-critical metadiscourse, imaginative counterdiscourse ...
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The present article studies Tony Kushner’s Angels in America in the light of Hubert Zapf’s theory of “literature as cultural ecology” and demonstrates how as a result of the interactions between the three major discourses of the drama, namely cultural-critical metadiscourse, imaginative counterdiscourse and the reintegrative interdiscourse, a new discourse is created which constitutes the play’s latent and profound ideas and viewpoints. In this research, Angels in America is analyzed on two levels: superficially, the article examines the strategies employed by the play to confront the cultural, social, economic, and political crises of the American society during Ronald Reagan’s presidency. In this respect, it is argued that drawing attention to the aforesaid problems and bringing them to light are the principal techniques the play utilizes in order to promote the general public’s level of awareness towards such concerns, and as a method for their elimination in the near future. At a deeper level, it is explained that the peaceful and consensual gathering of a small community at the end of the play indicates the emergence of a new cultural and social discourse; one which is expressive of humanitarian values and ideals. Hence, it is concluded that Angels in America in addition to expressing concern about the problems of modern American society, through the propagation of human virtues, looks forward to a time when all people regardless of their ethnicity, race, color, religion and politics can live in peace and harmony with one another and the physical environment
Farnaz Arfaizadeh; Farnak Ashrafi
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, , Pages 29-46
Abstract
The study of images of four elements of water, wind, earth and fire has always been considered as the main themes of thematic criticism. Images of four- category elements especially image related to the element of water in imaginary (fantasy) world of Colette, as one of the leading French authors in ...
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The study of images of four elements of water, wind, earth and fire has always been considered as the main themes of thematic criticism. Images of four- category elements especially image related to the element of water in imaginary (fantasy) world of Colette, as one of the leading French authors in 20th century, are observed, the most important of which can be referred to the youth water, dirty water and dying water. Do these images play an important role in a study of the literary world of this distinguished author from the perspective of thematic criticism?Is a study of images of these three waters (youth, dirty and dying waters) considered as a way to understand new concepts in Colette works? The aim of the research isthe analysis and interpretation of these images in three works of Colette: Sidonie Gabrielle Colette, Ivy Vines, and Unripe Wheat. The research paves the way for understanding the aforementioned three works, their themes, mental states and impacts of these images on the body and soul of the author.
Ahmad Reza Samadi; Amir Ali Nojoumian
Volume 12, Issue 16 , April 2016, , Pages 131-151
Abstract
This article attempts to analyze the concept of identity in some of Donald Barthelme’s short stories. In order to get to this objective, Louis Althusser’s views of ISAs (Ideological State Apparatuses), interpellation and ideology have been utilized in displaying their impact on shaping one’s identity. ...
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This article attempts to analyze the concept of identity in some of Donald Barthelme’s short stories. In order to get to this objective, Louis Althusser’s views of ISAs (Ideological State Apparatuses), interpellation and ideology have been utilized in displaying their impact on shaping one’s identity. Identity works as ideology does and through the ISAs like family, religion, politics, educational systems and media, it is formed and constructed. The impact of media, education and army that form the system of values and ideas, are depicted in Barthelme’s short stories. The present study, first introduces Donald Barthelme, then various views on identity are discussed. Later, Althusser’s views on the concept of ideology are introduced and lastly, the analysis of Barthelme’s short stories provides the influence of ideology in the formation of one’s identity as a subject. This study concentrates on various forms of authority that prevail the society through the dominant ideology and then the construction of identity under these conditions is discussed.
Volume 11, Issue 15 , October 2015, , Pages 171-193
Abstract
This article proposes study of the concept of travel and its relation to space dimension and focuses on why traveling, realistic or fictional, institutes the main axis of Modiano's novels. However, identity and own-self writing have had an important role in most Nobel Prize winning literature works, ...
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This article proposes study of the concept of travel and its relation to space dimension and focuses on why traveling, realistic or fictional, institutes the main axis of Modiano's novels. However, identity and own-self writing have had an important role in most Nobel Prize winning literature works, this research intends to understand why and how the travel is the basis of his universe. Moreover, this article attempts to find the relationship between the concept of travel and the definition of space. In order to do so and to demonstrate the reflection of this study on Modiano’s writings, the concept of space is been determined and examined through six different books from different decades of the author's life. In addition, the thematic approach of Georges Poulet, a 20th century French literature critic, has been practiced. This study concludes an analysis of diversity of space, its characteristics, and its function.
Volume 14, Issue 19 , October 2018, , Pages 187-208
Abstract
Abstract
The present research attempts to study Imamu Amiri Baraka’s well-known poem “In Memory of Radio” with the help of Louis Althusser’s definition of “ideology”, “interpellation”, “repressive state apparatuses”, and “ideological state apparatuses”. According to Althusser, ...
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Abstract
The present research attempts to study Imamu Amiri Baraka’s well-known poem “In Memory of Radio” with the help of Louis Althusser’s definition of “ideology”, “interpellation”, “repressive state apparatuses”, and “ideological state apparatuses”. According to Althusser, ideology is “a representation of the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence”. In other words, individuals make an “illusion” in their relationship to reality or “ideology distorts our view of our true ‘conditions of existence’”. In Baraka’s “In Memory of Radio”, media (radio) as “ideological state apparatuses” interpellates White and Black American people and makes them ideological subjects whom without any resistance accept the dominant class’ ideology. Young Baraka as the poet (persona) has a sad view toward his childhood (when he listened to radio programs eagerly) and sarcastically criticizes radio programs during the previous decades because they supported the standards of white society and defended them secretly. Althusserian analysis of the poem shows that “ideological state apparatuses” act symbolically in the form of radio programs.
Keywords: Althusser - Ideology - Ideological State Apparatuses - Amiri Baraka - Interpellation
Hesam Khalouei; Seddighe Alipoor
Abstract
Literature and cinema are two artistic branches that have always had interactions and close relationships with each other. The influence of these two has created befitting works either in literature or in cinema. The "Wight nights" movie in the early eighties of the solar decade was written by Saeed ...
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Literature and cinema are two artistic branches that have always had interactions and close relationships with each other. The influence of these two has created befitting works either in literature or in cinema. The "Wight nights" movie in the early eighties of the solar decade was written by Saeed Aghighi, under the influence of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's work with the same name. The woman and her passionate feelings are the main focus of these two works. In this study, considering the time, place, and cultural differences between the two works and the relationships, commonalities, and differences between the two countries, i.e., Iran and Russia, the similarities and differences between elements of feminism and law And the personality of the woman in the relevant society will be examined from the American School of Comparative Literature. Analysis and interpretations, sexual intercourse, distrust of the opposite sex, personality dependence and lack of participation in social activities are the common features of the social and psychological conditions of the Russian and Iranian women, and in some cases shown differences in bewitching, pride and artistic and literary awarenesses. The mentioned similarities and differences in the aforementioned film are due to the acceptance and adaptation of the themes to the temporal and spatial conditions of the society under study, and the writer has compared the aspects of the Iranian contemporary female personality with the 19th-century Russian woman.