Rakhshandeh Nabizadeh-Nodehi; Shideh Ahmadzadeh Heravi
Abstract
Abstract In Shakespeare’s portrayal of madness, mind and body are not considered as binary opposites; on the contrary, they appear to be closely intertwined. A number of the most memorable characters in Shakespeare’s dramatic works suffer from mental disorders. A study of these characters’ ...
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Abstract In Shakespeare’s portrayal of madness, mind and body are not considered as binary opposites; on the contrary, they appear to be closely intertwined. A number of the most memorable characters in Shakespeare’s dramatic works suffer from mental disorders. A study of these characters’ mental problems on the basis of new psychological perspectives reveals that many of their mental obsessions and anxieties result from considerations pertaining to body. The interrelation between psyche and soma is most clearly discernible in the process of subjectivity in the course of which speaking subjects have to demarcate the territory of their independent and autonomous self primarily through separation from the maternal body and by constructing an independent, clean and proper body of their own. Such a body has a clear territory and exact borderlines. Besides, it has a distinct sexual identity. The subject’s effort to construct such an image of his/her body is not merely a personal and private matter. It is influenced by social, cultural, and biological standards since the subject tries to harmonize this image with these norms. Therefore, body in this sense is not just a material or biological entity; it turns out to be a social and cultural issue. The present study is an attempt to analyze the interrelationship between psychological tensions and corporeal considerations in the male subject’s psyche through studying the mental obsessions of Hamlet, as one of the most outstanding of Shakespeare’s mentally disturbed characters. To fulfill this purpose, some of his inner conflicts are analyzed in the light of Julia Kristeva’s theories regarding abjection, confrontation with the abject and the role of these procedures in the formation of subjectivity in order to gain a better understanding of the latent causes of Hamlet’s psychic trauma’s and mental disturbances. Viewed from this perspective, it is revealed that anxieties and concerns about the body of the masculine subject and cultural measures for the sexual identity of the male sex are at work behind the symptoms of Hamlet’s madness. The psychological crisis which Hamlet has to deal with after his father’s death has got several dimensions some of which will be analyzed in this research in reference to Kristeva’s notion of abjection. In this regard, Hamlet’s desperate battle to reassert his male identity, his quest to restore purity and purge himself and the whole world from corruption, as well as his hatred and fear of female body and sexual desire as a source of contamination and a serious threat to his manhood are most significant. In addition to the effeminizing effect of the female heterosexual love and the contaminating contact with the female body, the female kind’s power of regeneration terrifies Hamlet as well. All these features contribute to Hamlet’s identifying the female body as abject and lead to his repudiation of any attachment to it. Thus, it is possible to explain why Hamlet dedicates himself wholly to the sacred mission of revenge and solidifies homosocial bonds with his male companions since through these strategies, he believes he can confirm his autonomy and independence as a masculine subject and secure the territories of his clean and proper body.
Mohammad Sadegh Zarei
Abstract
مقاله ی حاضر بر آن است تا با استفاده از نظریات لویی آلتوسر در تعریف "ایدئولوژی ساختاری" و همچنین نظریات ژاک دریدا در تبیین مفهوم "نشان" به بررسی ساختار روایت وی اس نایپل ...
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مقاله ی حاضر بر آن است تا با استفاده از نظریات لویی آلتوسر در تعریف "ایدئولوژی ساختاری" و همچنین نظریات ژاک دریدا در تبیین مفهوم "نشان" به بررسی ساختار روایت وی اس نایپل در رمان خانه ای برای آقای بیسواس و در کشوری آزاد بپردازد. در نگاه آلتوسر، ایدئولوژی توهمی است که وضیعت واقعی / عینی را پنهان می سازد و از این رو نوعی "آگاهی کاذب" را ایجاد می کند تا بدین وسیله اثر ایدئولوژیک خود را استمرار ببخشد. به عبارتی دیگر، ایدئولوژی رابطه فرد را با واقعیت بیرون متوهم می سازد. در رمان خانه ای برای آقای بیسواس و در کشوری آزاد نایپل تلاش میکند تا ساختار روایتش را براساس طرحی ایدئولوژیک و با "فراخواندن" پی درپی قهرمان داستان به عنوان "دیگری" پی ریزی نماید، تا بدین وسیله دوگانگی نهادینه شده در روایتش را به گونه ای پوشش دهد. نایپل بعضاً در جایگاه یک ایدئولوگ، ایدئولوژی استعمارگرانه ای را در قالب روایت بیان میکند تا شاید بدین وسیله از یک سو آگاهی حاصل از خاستگاه استعماری خود را به رخ بکشد و از سوی دیگر تاثیر ژرف ایدئولوژی ها را در روایت نشان دهد و بتواند بدین وسیله خود را مستقل از تاثیر ایدئوژیک روایتش نشان دهد. حال آنکه او خود مبتلا به است. ساختار روایت او و رد و "نشان" باقی مانده از نظام معنایی آثارش این طرح را کاملاً برملا می سازد. اینجاست که اثر نایپل صرفاً فراتر از محصول مستقیم گفتمان حال حاضر خودش ظاهر می شود. وی خود محبوس در ایدئولوژی ساختاری و مدام در در حال "فراخوانده شدن" است و آثارش هر چند به ظاهر مستقل از عاقبت و سرنوشت خویش، اما به یمن بستر روایت گونه این دوگانگی را نشان می دهند.
Rakhshandeh Nabizadeh-Nodehi; Sheedeh Ahmadzadeh-Heravi
Volume 15, Issue 20 , April 2018, , Pages 221-243
Abstract
Madness and its manifestations have long been one of the themes treated and diversely depicted in literary works. Shakespeare is among the many authors who have represented this phenomenon in a number of his tragedies through the creation and introduction of a few complicated outstanding characters. ...
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Madness and its manifestations have long been one of the themes treated and diversely depicted in literary works. Shakespeare is among the many authors who have represented this phenomenon in a number of his tragedies through the creation and introduction of a few complicated outstanding characters. His treatment of this issue, according to many critics, is innovative and far from conventional and traditional notions; thus this phenomenon and those who are affected by it can be viewed and analyzed in the light of contemporary theories. Shakespeare particularly creates a peculiar language for the insane personages, which reflects their state of mind and becomes their common feature. In this article, the discourse of four such characters in three major Shakespearean tragedies – Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth – will be discussed in the light of Julia Kristeva’s linguistic theories regarding the semiotic and symbolic dispositions with the assumption that the discourse of madness in these plays is an outcome of the emergence of semiotic features in the symbolic disposition.
Mohamad Reza Noorollahi; Sheedeh Ahmadzadeh
Volume 13, Issue 17 , October 2017, , Pages 269-289
Abstract
The present article studies the deconstructive discourse in Their Eyes were Watching God byZora NealeHurston, the first African-American female writer. Studies on some major Black feminist novels reveal that these women make discourse work against their oppression. A significant feature of African-American ...
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The present article studies the deconstructive discourse in Their Eyes were Watching God byZora NealeHurston, the first African-American female writer. Studies on some major Black feminist novels reveal that these women make discourse work against their oppression. A significant feature of African-American women’s discourse is the deconstruction of the logo-centric principles that for decades have deprived many minority groups of ‘voice’; therefore, to overthrow the logo-centric systematic, Black women in their discourse make use of elements that are negatively defined in that system by the dominant class. Of the major elements of this discourse, we can refer to: silence, violence, madness, lesbianism, irrationality, etc. As such, it is suggested that the discourse should be called ‘deconstructive discourse’. To demonstrate how Black women make strategic use of deconstructive discourse, Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God is studied in detail. In this novel Janie’s final act of subversion is the murdering of her lover and at the same time her last husband which sets her free from all patriarchal restrictions and prescriptions. Her silence in her subsequent trial in front of an all-white and all-male jury implies the insignificance of the white patriarchy.The present research has been conducted using deconstruction especially through its denial of any center.