نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• بهاره نیلفروشان ¹
• بختیار سجادی ²
• فریبا پرویزی ³
• فرید پروانه ⁴

¹ گروه زبان انگلیسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

² دانشیار زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.

³ استادیار گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه ارشاد دماوند، تهران، ایران.

⁴ استادیار گروه زبان انگلیسی، واحد قم، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قم، ایران.

چکیده

پژوهش در حوزه­ی رمان معاصر از منظر رویکردهای متفاوت نظری بخش عمده­ای از مطالعات ادبی و به ویژه ادبیات روایی را دربرمی­گیرد که خود بستر مناسبی را به منظور مطالعه و تحلیل گفتمان‌های بینارشته‌ای فراهم می‌کند. رمان ذات خون اثر کریل فیلیپس هزارتویی از روایات را شامل می­شود که هولوکاست در کانون این هزارتو قرار دارد. فیلیپپس، با روایت خاطرات هولناک یک بازمانده از اردوگاه‌های آدم سوزی، خاطرات تلخ نژاد‌پرستی را می‌کاود و آن را تا زمان‌های کهن، حتی تا زمان اتللو در ونیز به عقب می‌برد. مطالعه‌ی پیش رو این میراث را از منظر رویکردی جدید به ادبیات از طریق مفاهیم جامعه شناختی فرهنگی و انسان شناسی مورد بررسی قرار داده است. از همین روی، مقاله حاضر رمان را با بررسی مفاهیمی چون انگ مکان، گتو، و مهار تادیبی مورد مطالعه قرار داده است تا نقش غیر قابل انکار و حقیقی داستان در دیگر علوم اجتماعی را ترسیم کند و مهر تاییدی باشد بر طبیعت بینا‌رشته ای ادبیات، به ویژه رمان. این مقاله با تمرکز بر مفهوم گتو به عنوان محلی انگ­خورده که از سوی دو راوی اصلی رمان روایت می‌شود، نشان می‌دهد گتو یک راهبرد در دسترس و کم هزینه‌ی مهار تادیبی است که در طول تاریخ به کار رفته، در ادبیات مجسم شده و در رمان به عنوان نمونه‌ای از داستان معاصر به آن پرداخته شده است. مطالعه‌ی حاضر تلاش دارد به این سوال پاسخ دهد که چگونه ادبیات می‌تواند آینده‌ی مهاجرین با برچسب­گذاری‌های قومی، نژادی و مذهبی را به تصویر بکشد و چگونه تعامل جامعه شناسی و ادبیات به تحقق عدالت اجتماعی می‌انجامد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• دیاسپورای یهودی
• بینامتنیت
• روان زخم
• حصر محدود کننده
• هییت تادیبی
• دورسازی شهری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Ghetto and Punitive Containment: A Reflection on Caryl Phillips’s The Nature of Blood

نویسندگان [English]

• Bahareh Nilforoshan ¹
• Bakhtiar Sadjadi ²
• Fariba Parvizi ³
• Farid Parvaneh ⁴

¹ Department of English, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran

² Associate Professor of English Language and Literature, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

³ Assistant Professor, Department of English, Ershad-Damavand University, Tehran, Iran

⁴ Assistant Professor, Department of English, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Reading contemporary fiction through diverse disciplines appears to be a substantial part of narrative studies in particular and literature in general providing a tenable framework of interdisciplinary discourses of knowledge to study and explore fiction. Caryl Phillips’s The Nature of Blood embraces a labyrinth of narratives, the Holocaust as its ultimate point of recollection. Phillips, by narrating the horrific memories of a camp survivor, delves into the dark memories of racism and brings it to its old days, as far as Othello’s in Venice. The present study explores this dark legacy through a relatively new approach to literature using socio-cultural anthropological concepts. In doing so, the present paper scrutinized The Nature of Blood through the concepts of territorial stigma, ghetto, and punitive containment in order to delineate the true and indisputable role of fiction in other social sciences, emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of literature and novel, in particular. Focusing on the conception of ghetto as a stigmatized territory narrated by Eva and Othello, the two major narrators in the novel, the article finds it as an available and costless strategy of punitive containment practiced through the course of history and represented in The Nature of Blood.
Background of Study: Wacquant elucidates his ideas on the nexus of marginality, ethnicity, and penalty. However, tenets of territorial stigmatization and ghettoization would cover more nationalities and disciplinary boundaries. He builds his notions of ghetto on a comparison of some canonical cases and concludes that ghetto is an institutional form that would lead to territorial and social stigmatization: “the ghetto is an institutional form, a social-organizational device that employs space to fulfill two conflictive functions: economic extraction and social ostracization” (Urban Outcasts, 3). He develops the concept of territorial stigmatization according to this comparative approach to social theory and applies his findings about neighborhood taint on both sides of the Atlantic. Moreover, he has contributed to urban studies by his notion of advanced marginality.
Methodology: This article is a library-based research and uses various sources both in interdisciplinary discourses and contemporary fiction. Ghetto is pictured as punitive containment strategy to push the members of periphery to territories of stigma and deprive them of their collective identity and sense of belonging.
Conclusion: The present paper explores The Nature of Blood as an instance of the author’s multi-layered narration in a versatile scope of time, place and history that makes it an appropriate microcosm to apply Wacquant’s conception of territorial stigma, ghetto, and punitive containment. It is concluded that territorial stigma, along with other labels relegating the repressed to the margins of a society, is a recurrent and dynamic threat to the integrity of the underclass and the precariat making it difficult to grasp to any kind of collective action and thus, reflecting the future lives and struggles of the migrants with diverse ethno-racial and religious backgrounds, especially from the Middle East, who were trying to find refuge in Europe after the wake of ISIS. Moreover, ghetto, scrutinized by Wacquant in its modern sense, finds its roots in Renaissance Europe in Phillips’ fiction, proving the bitter fact that the ghetto is the other side of the prison aiming at the exclusionary closure of the outcasts of the society and continued almost unchanged to the modern urban metropolis. The punitive containment during the course of history proved to be a practical and priceless strategy to keep the underclass precariat and the social outcasts at bay behind the bars of the prison, sometimes embodied in the form of the ghetto and has always been reflected in literature due to its potential socio-cultural and anthropological overtones.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Jewish Diaspora
• Intertextuality
• Trauma
• Exclusionary Closure
• Carceral Body
• Urban Relegation