نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• میترا مرادی ¹
• علی عباسی ²

¹ دانش آموخته دکتری، گروه زبان و ادبیات فرانسه، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

² استاد تمام، گروه زبان و ادبیات فرانسه، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

گرماس به‌عنوان مشهورترین نظریه‌پرداز "معناشناسی روایت" معتقد است که ساختار یک روایت همچون ساختار یک جمله، از دستور زبان خاص خود برخوردار است. وی با ارائه مدل‌هایی همچون الگوی کنشی، برنامه روایی، مربع معنایی و ... سعی در ساختارمند کردن روابط میان نشانه‌های دلالت‌مند یک اثر دارد تا از این طریق با گذار از روساخت به ژرف‌ساخت، به درک ساختارهای درونی معناساز متن دست یابیم. در این بررسی برآنیم تا با بهره‌گیری از مدل‌های ارائه‌شده توسط گرماس به بررسی کارکرد روایی در رمان و اگر حقیقت داشتاثر نویسنده فرانسوی، مارک لوی، بپردازیم. در حقیقت با انجام این بررسی در پی یافتن پاسخی برای این پرسش هستیم که چگونه کارکرد روایی به‌عنوان اصل سازمان‌دهنده گفتمان به ایجاد معنا و بازتاب ارزش‌های موردنظر نویسنده کمک کرده است؟ پیش‌فرض ما در این پژوهش آن است که متن متشکل از مجموعه‌ای از عناصر نشانه-معناشناختی در سطح و عمق است که بین آن‌ها روابط معناسازی وجود دارد. لذا هدف از این بررسی، مطالعه الگوی کنشی، برنامه روایی و مربع معنایی در این رمان است تا مشخص شود چگونه این عناصر، گفتمان را معنادار می‌کنند. یافته‌های این بررسی نشان می‌دهند که در این داستان با مجموعه‌ای ساده از برنامه‌های روایی کاربردی مواجه نیستیم، بلکه شاهد مجموعه‌ای از برنامه‌های روایی هستیم که به موازات هم پیش می‌روند، این امر بیانگر پیچیدگی سیر روایی سوژه کنشی است. از بررسی مربع معنایی درمی‌یابیم که کنشگر اگرچه موقتاً در موقعیت مرگ قرار می‌گیرد اما سرانجام از آن خارج شده و به زندگی برمی‌گردد؛ این بیانگر ارزش‌های مثبت‌اندیشی نویسنده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• کارکرد روایی
• مربع معنایی
• برنامه روایی
• الگوی کنشی
• گرماس

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Study of Narrativity Through Semantic Square and Narrative Program in the Novel "If Only It Were True" by Marc Levy

نویسندگان [English]

• Mitra Moradi ¹
• Ali Abbassi ²

¹ Department of French Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

² Department of French Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Greimas, as the most famous theoretician of "narrative semantics", believes that the structure of a narrative, like the structure of a sentence, has its own grammar. By presenting some models such as action pattern, narrative program, semantic square, etc., he tries to structure the relationships between the meaningful signs of a texte, so that we can understand the internal structures of the meaning of the text by transitioning from the surface structure to the deep structure. The narrativity is the main organizing principle of any discourse. Narrative semiotics aims to search for deep, inherent and stable structures in discourses that can be formally manifested at the surface of texts. In this research, by referring to Greimas's narrative semiotics and his famous models, we intend to examine the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True" by Marc Levy. Unlike other literary criticism approaches that search for meaning outside the text, the semiotic approach searches for the mechanism of meaning formation in the text itself and in the deep layers of the text.
Background of study
In the field of semiotics, narratology and semantics, many studies have been done by researchers in the form of books and articles. Emphasizing the narrative aspect of Greimas's approach, Abbasi has analyzed Persian texts in the books "Samad: The Structure of a Myth" and "Applied Narrative". Sha'iri has done many and extensive studies in this field, among which the books "Semantic of Literature: The Theory and Method of Analyzing Literary Discourse" and several articles such as "From Structuralist Semiotics to Discourse-Semiotics", "A Study of Types of Discourse Systems From the Semiotic Point of View", "Semiotic Analysis of the Process of Recognition in Literary Discourse: A Case Study of Pacheh Khizak written by Sadegh Choubak ".
Marc Levy's works have also been the subject of researches with different approaches of literary criticism, among them, we can mention the article by Hassan Zokhtareh and Martine Boyer-Weinmann entitled "A Study of Literary Success in the Contemporary Media Age, Case Study: She and He by Marc Levy". The authors of this article examine the reasons for the success of best-selling novels and successful authors. Ali Abbassi and Mitra Moradi have studied the beginning and end parts of Levy's novel in the article entitled "The Study of the Incipit and the Closure in All Those Things We Never Said by Marc Levy".
Methodology
In this research, using the models presented by Greimas, we intend to investigate the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True", by the French author, Marc Levy. By conducting this study, we are looking for an answer to the question "how the narrativity as the organizing principle of the discourse has helped to create meaning and reflect the author's desired values". Our hypothesis in this research is that the text consists of a set of semiotic-semantic elements at the surface and deep structures, between which there are meaningful relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this researche is to study the action pattern, narrative program and semantic square in this novel in order to determine how these elements make the discourse meaningful.
Conclusion
The findings of this study show that in this novel we are not facing a simple set of narrative programs, but there is a set of narrative programs that go in parallel to each other, this indicates the complexity of the narrative course of the action subject. By examining the semantic square, we learn that although the actors are temporarily in the position of death, they eventually come out of it and return to life; This reflects the author's positiviste values.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• narrativity
• semantic square
• narrative program
• action pattern
• Greimas